The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cognitive Inflexibility and Pre-frontal Dysfunction in Schizophrenia and Mania
Abstract
The ability to shift cognitive set, which is probably subserved, at least in part, by the pre-frontal cortex, was determined for schizophrenic, bipolar (manic) and control subjects, using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). The schizophrenic and manic subjects both demonstrated poor performance on the WCST, suggesting that cognitive inflexibility and/or pre-frontal dysfunction, is not specific to schizophrenia (although laterality differences could exist). Moderate levels of poor performance in the non-psychiatric control group suggest the need for a review of the cut-off figures in the WCST currently used for predicting ‘brain damage’ and ‘focal frontal involvement‘, especially given the trend for the increasing use of cognitive assessment and rehabilitation in the major psychoses.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Robins, L. N. (1981) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780290015001 · Cited by 5,219
Implications of Normal Brain Development for the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia
Weinberger, D. R. (1987) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800190080012 · Cited by 3,724
A Modified Card Sorting Test Sensitive to Frontal Lobe Defects
Nelson, H. E. (1976) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(76)80035-4 · Cited by 2,454
A simple objective technique for measuring flexibility in thinking
Berg, E. A. (1948) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1948.9918159 · Cited by 2,255
Effects of Different Brain Lesions on Card Sorting: The Role of the Frontal Lobes
MILNER, B. (1963) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1963.00460070100010 · Cited by 2,217
Weinberger, D. R. (1986) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800020020004 · Cited by 2,019
Comparing the Means of Several Groups
Godfrey, K. (1985) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198512053132305 · Cited by 737
Weinberger, D. R. (1988) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800310013001 · Cited by 603
Goldberg, T. E. (1987) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800230088014 · Cited by 522
The utility of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in detecting and localizing frontal lobe lesions
Robinson, A. L., Heaton, R. K., Lehman, R. A., & Stilson, D. W. (1980) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.48.5.605 · Cited by 491
Cited by
Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: A quantitative review of the evidence.
Heinrichs, R. W., & Zakzanis, K. K. (1998) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.12.3.426 · Cited by 2,798
Neuropsychology of bipolar disorder: a review
Quraishi, S., & Frangou, S. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00091-5 · Cited by 571
The neuropsychology and neuroanatomy of bipolar affective disorder: a critical review
Bearden, C. E., Hoffman, K. M., & Cannon, T. D. (2001) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1034/j.1399-5618.2001.030302.x · Cited by 565
Working memory in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis
Forbes, N. F., Carrick, L. A., McIntosh, A. M., & Lawrie, S. M. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708004558 · Cited by 550
Sustained attention deficit in bipolar disorder
Clark, L., Iversen, S. D., & Goodwin, G. M. (2002) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.180.4.313 · Cited by 539
Metadata
- Authors
- Morice, R.
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 1990-07
- Volume
- 157
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 50-54
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2061608907
- Cited by
- 272
- References
- 16
- FWCI
- 4.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Cognitive Inflexibility and Pre-frontal Dysfunction in Schizophrenia and Mania. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1192/bjp.157.1.50
- The paper
- Morice, R. (1990). Cognitive Inflexibility and Pre-frontal Dysfunction in Schizophrenia and Mania. British Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.157.1.50
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
