A Modified Card Sorting Test Sensitive to Frontal Lobe Defects
Open accessAbstract
Milner's (1963) report of impaired performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) in a group of patients with frontal lobe lesions suggested that this test might be a useful one in the investigation of individual patients with suspected brain lesions. However, for many of our older hospital population the WCST was found to be too difficult and distressing, and also the inherent ambiguities associated with certain responses limited the test's usefulness for research purposes. Therefore, a simpler and less ambiguous modification was devised (MCS) and a new method of measuring perseverative errors proposed. In a group of 53 patients with unilateral cerebral lesions, those with frontal lobe lesions performed less well with the MCST and made a higher proportion of perseverative errors than those with lesions elsewhere: there were no laterality effects in either frontal or non-frontal groups. The usefulness of the MCST for detecting frontal lobe lesions in individual patients was established, and the use of cut-off scores briefly discussed.
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The MWCST has traditionally been considered a measure of perseverative tendencies.
“Traditionally of course, the MWCST has been considered a measure of perseverative tendencies (e.g., Milner, 1963; Nelson, 1976).”
From The ecological validity of tests of executive function (1998) · cites this paper as Nelson, 1976
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- ETTLINGER, G., TEUBER, H., and MILNER, B. (1975) The seventeenth International Symposium of Neuropsychology, "Neuropsychologia," 13, 131.
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- Authors
- Nelson, H. E.
- Affiliations
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Nelson, Hazel E.
- Venue
- Cortex
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1976-12
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 313-324
- ISSN
- 0010-9452 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2091893882
- Cited by
- 2,454
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 76 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 104 · 2014: 85 · 2013: 80 · 2012: 72
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cortex (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, frontal lobe lesions, perseverative errors, neuropsychological assessment, hemispheric lateralization, test sensitivity, cut-off values
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Brain Diseases, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Middle Aged, Visual Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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