Working memory in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis

Forbes, N. F.; Carrick, L. A.; McIntosh, A. M.; Lawrie, S. M.

doi:10.1017/s0033291708004558

Cited by 550Schizophrenia research and treatmentCognitive Abilities and TestingNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

Working memory in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis

Forbes, N. F., Carrick, L. A., McIntosh, A. M., Lawrie, S. M.·2009·Psychological Medicine

DOI 10.1017/s0033291708004558

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Memory impairment is being recognized increasingly as an important feature of the neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Dysfunction of working memory, a system for the short-term storage and manipulation of information, may relate to a number of core symptoms of schizophrenia. Many studies have examined working memory function in schizophrenia but a clear understanding of the nature and extent of any deficit has been elusive. METHOD: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing working memory function in subjects with schizophrenia and healthy controls was performed. Following a comprehensive literature search, meta-analyses were conducted on 36 measures of phonological, visuospatial and central executive working memory functioning, encompassing 441 separate results from 187 different studies. RESULTS: Statistically significant effect sizes were found for all working memory measures, indicating deficits in schizophrenia groups. Some of these were robust findings in the absence of evidence of significant heterogeneity or publication bias. Meta-regression analyses showed that the working memory deficit was not simply explained by discrepancies in current IQ between schizophrenia and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Large deficits in working memory were demonstrated in schizophrenia groups across all three working memory domains. There were, however, no clear differences across subdomains or between particular working memory tasks. There was substantial heterogeneity across results that could only be partly explained.

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EF deficits across psychopathology cannot be easily explained by non-specific factors such as psychomotor slowing, differences in IQ or education, or medication use.
“First, these deficits cannot be easily explained by non-specific factors such as psychomotor slowing, differences in IQ or education, or medication use (e.g., Barch, 2005; Forbes et al., 2009; Snyder, 2013; Snyder et al., 2015).”
From Advancing understanding of executive function impairments and psychopathology: bridging the gap between clinical and cognitive approaches (2015) · cites this paper as Forbes et al., 2009
Psychiatric disorders, such as depression and schizophrenia, are often characterized by memory biases.
“Psychiatric disorders, such as depression (19, 20) and schizophrenia (21), are often characterized by memory biases.”
From Don't Miss the Moment: A Systematic Review of Ecological Momentary Assessment in Suicide Research (2022) · cites this paper as [21]

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Background
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Authors: Forbes, N. F., Carrick, L. A., McIntosh, A. M., & Lawrie, S. M.
Affiliations: Royal Edinburgh Hospital (GB)
Corresponding author: Lawrie, S. M.
ORCID: McIntosh, A. M.
Lawrie, S. M.
Venue: Psychological Medicine
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2008-10-23
Volume: 39
Issue: 6
Pages: 889-905
ISSN: 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
1469-8978
DOI: 10.1017/s0033291708004558
OpenAlex: W2099240715
Cited by: 550
References: 225
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 1.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: schizophrenia, working memory, memory impairment, phonological working memory, visuospatial working memory, central executive function, IQ differences, neuropsychology of schizophrenia
MeSH terms: Chlorpromazine, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Memory, Memory Disorders, Psychological Tests, Regression Analysis, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Antipsychotic Agents

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Working memory in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis

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