The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 105 of the 106 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm: Systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Background: Non-fatal self-harm frequently leads to non-fatal repetition and sometimes to suicide. We need to quantify these two outcomes of self-harm to help us to develop and test effective interventions. Aims: To estimate rates of fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm. Method: A systematic review of published follow-up data, from observational and experimental studies. Four electronic databases were searched and 90 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results: Eighty per cent of studies found were undertaken in Europe, over one-third in the UK. Median proportions for repetition 1 year later were: 16% non-fatal and 2% fatal; after more than 9 years, around 7% of patients had died by suicide. The UK studies found particularly low rates of subsequent suicide. Conclusions: After 1 year, non-fatal repetition rates are around 15%. The strong connection between self-harm and later suicide lies somewhere between 0.5% and 2% after 1 year and above 5% after 9 years. Suicide risk among self-harm patients is hundreds of times higher than in the general population.
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“These results are slightly lower than those from meta-analyses in the existing literature,7,33 but are consistent with population-based samples”
From Mortality gap for people with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: UK-based cohort study 2000–2014 (2017) · cites this paper as [33]
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“Deliberate self harm is a global health problem 15 16 and is one of the strongest predictors of completed suicide.17”
From Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood disorders: updated systematic review and meta-analysis (2013) · cites this paper as [16]
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“Self-harm is a powerful predictor of completed suicide.5”
From Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Adolescents With Repeated Suicidal and Self-harming Behavior: A Randomized Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [5]
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“Suicide is the cause of death that is most elevated in individuals with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia compared with the general population.33,34”
From Mortality gap for people with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: UK-based cohort study 2000–2014 (2017) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Forcing individuals to use a less lethal method may work because over 80% of suicide attempt survivors do not end up dying by suicide (249).”
From A brain-centric model of suicidal behavior (2020) · cites this paper as [249]
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Onishi, Y., Mikami, K., Yamashita, T., Suzuki, H., Nakaya, N., Takahashi, Y., Kimoto, K., Akama, F., & Yamamoto, K. (2025) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/10401237251352175 · Cited by 1
Demirci, O. L., Vişneci, E. F., Açar, D., Can, Ü., Tekin, F. C., Gül, M., & Yıldırım, B. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14196859 · Cited by 2
Barry, R., Dyson, M. P., Hubert, M., Silversides, H., Vik, S., & Rittenbach, K. (2025) · Paediatrics & Child Health · doi:10.1093/pch/pxaf087 · Cited by 1
Jeong, E., Lee, C., Kim, H., Yu, H., Lee, J., Ha, T. B. T., Won, H., Myung, W., Kang, H. S., & Park, J. (2026) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2026.2645539 · Cited by 1
Thompson, M. P., Child, C., & Wilcox, C. (2026) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-026-00948-6 · Cited by 1
Antidepressants Self-Poisoning in Suicide and Suicide Attempt: Acute Toxicity and Treatment
Bernardes, S. S., Ruiz, D., Silva, R. F. G. E., Camelo, D., Gastaldello, E., & Aparecida, C. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/36682 · Cited by 1
Suicidality and epilepsy: a complex relationship
Kanner, A. M. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139519502.018 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Owens, D., Horrocks, J., & House, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Owens, David
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2002-09
- Volume
- 181
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 193-199
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2169361101
- Cited by
- 1,241
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 78 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 69
- FWCI
- 2.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Leeds
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Keywords
- self-harm, suicide, non-fatal self-harm, suicide risk, follow-up outcomes
- MeSH terms
- United Kingdom, Humans, Recurrence, Risk Factors, Suicide, Time Factors, Self-Injurious Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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