The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 105 of the 106 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm: Systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Background: Non-fatal self-harm frequently leads to non-fatal repetition and sometimes to suicide. We need to quantify these two outcomes of self-harm to help us to develop and test effective interventions. Aims: To estimate rates of fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm. Method: A systematic review of published follow-up data, from observational and experimental studies. Four electronic databases were searched and 90 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results: Eighty per cent of studies found were undertaken in Europe, over one-third in the UK. Median proportions for repetition 1 year later were: 16% non-fatal and 2% fatal; after more than 9 years, around 7% of patients had died by suicide. The UK studies found particularly low rates of subsequent suicide. Conclusions: After 1 year, non-fatal repetition rates are around 15%. The strong connection between self-harm and later suicide lies somewhere between 0.5% and 2% after 1 year and above 5% after 9 years. Suicide risk among self-harm patients is hundreds of times higher than in the general population.
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“These results are slightly lower than those from meta-analyses in the existing literature,7,33 but are consistent with population-based samples”
From Mortality gap for people with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: UK-based cohort study 2000–2014 (2017) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Deliberate self harm is a global health problem 15 16 and is one of the strongest predictors of completed suicide.17”
From Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood disorders: updated systematic review and meta-analysis (2013) · cites this paper as [16]
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In the citing paper
“Self-harm is a powerful predictor of completed suicide.5”
From Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Adolescents With Repeated Suicidal and Self-harming Behavior: A Randomized Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [5]
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In the citing paper
“Suicide is the cause of death that is most elevated in individuals with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia compared with the general population.33,34”
From Mortality gap for people with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: UK-based cohort study 2000–2014 (2017) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Forcing individuals to use a less lethal method may work because over 80% of suicide attempt survivors do not end up dying by suicide (249).”
From A brain-centric model of suicidal behavior (2020) · cites this paper as [249]
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1 retracted
Psychosocial and pharmacological treatments for deliberate self harm
Hawton, K. K., Townsend, E., Arensman, E., Gunnell, D., Hazell, P., House, A. O., & van Heeringen, K. (1999) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001764 · Cited by 232
Self-citationRetractedCognitive-behavioral treatment of chronically parasuicidal borderline patients
Linehan, M. M. (1991) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810360024003 · Cited by 2,203
The strategy of preventive medicine
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-5633 · Cited by 1,878
Meta-analysis Spurious precision? Meta-analysis of observational studies
Egger, M., Schneider, M., & Smith, G. D. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7125.140 · Cited by 997
Schmidtke, A., Bille‐Brahe, U., DeLeo, D., Kerkhof, A. J. F. M., Bjerke, T., Crepef, P., Häring, C., Hawton, K., Lönnqvist, J. K., Michel, K., et al. (1996) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb10656.x · Cited by 784
National Service Framework for Mental Health
Thornicroft, G. (2000) · Psychiatric Bulletin · doi:10.1192/pb.24.6.203 · Cited by 639
Prevention of suicide: aspirations and evidence
Gunnell, D., & Frankel, S. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6938.1227 · Cited by 461
Suicide, and Other Causes of Death, Following Attempted Suicide
Hawton, K. E., & Fagg, J. (1988) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.152.3.359 · Cited by 449
Hawton, K. E., Arensman, E., Townsend, E., Bremner, S., Feldman, E., Goldney, R. D., Gunnell, D., Hazell, P., van Heeringen, K., House, A. O., et al. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7156.441 · Cited by 428
Self-citationSalkovskis, P. M., Atha, C., & Storer, D. (1990) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.157.6.871 · Cited by 331
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 106 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Sundqvist-Stensman, 1988, Suicides among persons treated for self-poisoning at an ICU, Opuscula Medica, 33, 71
- Paerregaard, 1975, Suicide amongattempted suicides: a10-year follow-up, Suicide, 5, 140
- Lonnqvist, 1984, Suicide attempts in Helsinki, Psychiatria Fennica, 15, 135
- 1998, Deliberate self-harm, Effective Health Care, 4
- Hawton, 2001, The Cochrane
- 10.1192/bjp.171.6.556 · DOI
- 1999, Saving Lives. Our Healthier Nation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Suicide, Suicide Attempts, and Suicidal Ideation
Klonsky, E. D., May, A. M., & Saffer, B. Y. (2016) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093204 · Cited by 1,675
Hawton, K., & van Heeringen, K. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60372-x · Cited by 1,671
Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood disorders: updated systematic review and meta-analysis
Cipriani, A., Hawton, K., Stockton, S., & Geddes, J. R. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f3646 · Cited by 920
Suicide Attempt as a Risk Factor for Completed Suicide: Even More Lethal Than We Knew
Bostwick, J. M., Pabbati, C., Geske, J. R., & McKean, A. J. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15070854 · Cited by 759
Hawton, K., Zahl, D., & Weatherall, R. (2003) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.182.6.537 · Cited by 751
Metadata
- Authors
- Owens, D., Horrocks, J., & House, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Owens, David
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2002-09
- Volume
- 181
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 193-199
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2169361101
- Cited by
- 1,241
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 78 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 69
- FWCI
- 2.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Leeds
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Keywords
- self-harm, suicide, non-fatal self-harm, suicide risk, follow-up outcomes
- MeSH terms
- United Kingdom, Humans, Recurrence, Risk Factors, Suicide, Time Factors, Self-Injurious Behavior
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