Distress in Parkinson’s disease: contributions of disease factors and metacognitive style
Open accessAbstract
Research has suggested that the high levels of depression and anxiety observed in Parkinson's disease are a primary consequence of its pathophysiology. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that a psychological factor, metacognitive style, is significantly associated with distress, independent of previously identified disease-related risk factors. Distress, metacognitive style and disease factors were assessed in 44 people with a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. People with a specific metacognitive style had an increased vulnerability to distress over and above previously identified disease factors; this suggests future directions for the development of psychological interventions.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Ten of the thirteen included papers conducted hierarchical regressions evaluating which metacognitive beliefs subscales were independent predictors of anxiety, depression, and/or overall distress.
“Ten of the thirteen included papers [41, 45–47, 49, 50, 52, 53, 58, 61] conducted hierarchical regressions evaluating which metacognitive beliefs subscales were independent predictors of anxiety, depression, and/or overall distress.”
From Metacognitive beliefs and their relationship with anxiety and depression in physical illnesses: A systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [49]
The Statistical methods section says the study used hierarchical regression to test whether metacognitive style predicted distress independently of disease factors. The Metacognitive style and distress section says a second multiple regression used direct entry and forward selection to identify the MCQ subscale that best predicted distress. Thus this paper supports the claim that it examined subscale predictors, but it does not describe that subscale analysis as a hierarchical regression. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe most common measure of psychological distress was the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), used in nine studies.
“The most common measure of psychological distress was the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS; [48]), which was used in nine studies [41, 45–47, 49–53].”
From Metacognitive beliefs and their relationship with anxiety and depression in physical illnesses: A systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [49]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x · Cited by 47,139 · see citing works
A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: properties of the MCQ-30
Wells, A., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00147-5 · Cited by 1,396 · see citing works
(1994) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 1,205 · see citing works
Hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: Prevalence, phenomenology and risk factors
Fénelon, G. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.4.733 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank, London: overview and research.
Daniel, S. E., & Lees, A. J. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Depression in Parkinson's disease: a quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Gotham, A.-M., Brown, R. G., & MARSDEN, C. D. (1986) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.49.4.381 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Attention and emotion: a clinical perspective
Eysenck, M. W. (1995) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)90043-8 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Cognitive factors in predisposition to auditory and visual hallucinations
Morrison, A. P., Adrian Wells, A., & Nothard, S. (2000) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466500163112 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Emotional Disorders and Metacognition: Innovative Cognitive Therapy
Wells, A. (2002) · doi:10.1002/9780470713662 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Self-citationRisk Factors for Depression in Parkinson Disease
Tandberg, E., Larsen, J. O., Aarsland, D., Laake, K., & Cummings, J. L. (1997) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1997.00550170097020 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Qualitative dimensions of normal worry and normal obsessions: A comparative study
Wells, A., & Morrison, A. P. (1994) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)90167-8 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychosocial factors in Parkinson's disease
MacCarthy, B., & Brown, R. G. (1989) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1989.tb00810.x · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Pathological worrying, illness perceptions and disease severity in patients with psoriasis
Fortune, D. G., Richards, H. L., Main, C. J., & Griffiths, C. E. M. (2000) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910700168775 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Mahieux, F., Michelet, D., Manifacier, M.-J., Boller, F., Fermanian, J., & Guillard, A. (1995) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/1995/304876 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Mahieux, F., Michelet, D., Manifacier, M.-J., et al. (1995) · PubMed · doi:10.3233/ben-1995-8102 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Depression in Parkinsonʼs disease
Brooks, D. J., & Doder, M. (2001) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/00019052-200108000-00006 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Parkinson's disease: progression and mortality in the L-DOPA era.
Rocco, A. D., Molinari, S. P., Kollmeier, B., & Yahr, M. D. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Fung, V. S. C., Hely, M. A., Moore, G., & Morris, J. (2001) · Australian Prescriber · doi:10.18773/austprescr.2001.099 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Allott, R. (2002) Visual Hallucinations in Parkinson's Visual Hallucinations in Parkinson's Disease: Contributions of Cognitive Impairment and Disease: Contributions of Cognitive Impairment and Metacognitive Style Metacognitive Style. ClinPsyD thesis, University of . ClinPsyD thesis, University of Manchester, UK.
- B. A. Mueller), , 4th edn (ed. B. A. Mueller), pp.1^41. Kansas City, KS: ACCP. pp.1^41. Kansas City, KS: ACCP.
- S.Ruggieri), pp. 3^12.Philadelphia,PA:Lippincott ^Raven.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A qualitative analysis of mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy (MBCT) in Parkinson's disease
Fitzpatrick, L., Simpson, J., & Smith, A. (2010) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608309x471514 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Capobianco, L., Faija, C., Husain, Z., & Wells, A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238457 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Attentional bias and metacognitions in cancer survivors with high fear of cancer recurrence
Butow, P. N., Kelly, S., Thewes, B., Hruby, G., Sharpe, L., & Beith, J. M. (2014) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3659 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Metacognitive Beliefs in Chronic Medical Conditions
Lenzo, V., Sardella, A., Martino, G., & Quattropani, M. C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02875 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The Association of Metacognitive Beliefs With Emotional Distress After Diagnosis of Cancer
Cook, S. A., Salmon, P., Dunn, G., Holcombe, C., Cornford, P., & Fisher, P. (2015) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000096 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Thewes, B., Bell, M. L., & Butow, P. N. (2013) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3252 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Modeling depression in Parkinson disease
Leentjens, A. F. G., Moonen, A. J. H., Dujardin, K., Marsh, L., Martínez‐Martín, P., Richard, I. H., STARKSTEIN, S. E., & Köhler, S. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182a4a503 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Cook, S. A., Salmon, P., Dunn, G., Holcombe, C., Cornford, P. A., & Fisher, P. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9640-x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Measuring Metacognition in Cancer: Validation of the Metacognitions Questionnaire 30 (MCQ-30)
Cook, S. A., Salmon, P., Dunn, G., & Fisher, P. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107302 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Purewal, R., & Fisher, P. L. (2018) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2017.11.029 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
McPhillips, R., Salmon, P., Adrian Wells, A., & Fisher, P. (2019) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.118.011117 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Bailey, R., & Adrian Wells, A. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.27.4.327 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Metacognitions, anxiety, and distress related to motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease.
Brown, R. G., & Fernie, B. A. (2015) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.09.021 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Kitani‐Morii, F., Kasai, T., Horiguchi, G., Teramukai, S., Ohmichi, T., Shinomoto, M., Fujino, Y., & Mizuno, T. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245864 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
McPhillips, R., Salmon, P., Wells, A., & Fisher, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02288 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Anderson, R., Capobianco, L., Fisher, P., Reeves, D., Heal, C., Faija, C., Gaffney, H., & Adrian Wells, A. (2019) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109738 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Strodl, E. S., Stewart, L., Mullens, A. B., & Deb, S. (2015) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/2055102915581562 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Rumination and behavioural factors in Parkinson's disease depression
Julien, C. L., Rimes, K. A., & Brown, R. G. (2016) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.01.008 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Heffer-Rahn, P., & Fisher, P. L. (2018) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.11.014 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Adrian Wells, A., McNicol, K., Reeves, D., Salmon, P., Davies, L. M., Heagerty, A. M., Doherty, P., McPhillips, R., Anderson, R., Faija, C., et al. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2826-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Thinking about motor fluctuations: An examination of metacognitions in Parkinson's disease
Fernie, B. A., Spada, M. M., Chaudhuri, К. R., Klingelhoefer, L., & Brown, R. G. (2015) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.05.001 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Fourth revolution in psychiatry - Addressing comorbidity with chronic physical disorders
Gautam, S. (2010) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/0019-5545.70973 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Association Between metacognition and Mood Symptoms Poststroke
Donnellan, C., Al Banna, M., Redha, N., Al Sharoqi, I., Al-Jishi, A., Bakhiet, M., Taha, S., & Abdulla, F. (2016) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/0891988716640374 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Faija, C. L., Reeves, D., Heal, C., & Wells, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01064 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Motor fluctuations and psychological distress in Parkinson’s disease.
Fernie, B. A., Spada, M. M., & Brown, R. G. (2019) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000736 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Assessment of Metacognition and Reversal Learning in Parkinson’s Disease: Preliminary Results
Trenado, C., Boschheidgen, M., Rübenach, J., N’Diaye, K., Schnitzler, A., Mallet, L., & Wojtecki, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00343 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Tinnitus and Metacognitive Beliefs—Results of a Cross-Sectional Observational Study
Natalini, E., Fioretti, A. B., Riedl, D., Moschèn, R., & Eibenstein, A. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11010003 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Fernie, B. A., Aoun, A., Kollmann, J., Spada, M. M., & Nikčević, A. V. (2019) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2367 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Wright, A., Hurt, C. S., Gorniak, S. L., & Brown, R. G. (2014) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4146 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cherry, M. G., Brown, S. L., Purewal, R., & Fisher, P. (2023) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12655 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bălăeţ, M., Alhajraf, F., Bourke, N., Welch, J., Razzaque, J., Malhotra, P., Hu, M. T., & Hampshire, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1399313 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Les troubles anxiodépressifs dans la maladie de Parkinson : une revue de la littérature
Montel, S., & Bungener, C. (2007) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2006.04.014 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kanser Sürecinde Üstbilişler, Psikolojik Sağlamlık ve Nüks Korkusu
Ağaç, M., & Üzar‐Özçetin, Y. S. (2021) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.859242 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Siciliano, M., Micco, R. D., Trojano, L., Sant’Elia, V., Giordano, A., Russo, A., Passamonti, L., Tedeschi, G., Chiorri, C., & Tessitore, A. (2021) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.09.020 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zargar, F., Kavoosi, M., & Molaeinezhad, M. (2016) · International journal of body, mind and culture · doi:10.22122/ijbmc.v3i2.53 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Adrian Wells, A. (2018) · Journal of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences · doi:10.29245/2578-3025/2018/3.1131 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Stephens, E.-J., Dysch, L., & Gregory, J. (2018) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/wnn.0000000000000161 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dammen, T., Papageorgiou, C., Lindstrøm, J. C., & Einvik, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1265102 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kołodziejczyk, A., Krawczyk, J., Tkaczyszyn-Mika, E., Gniewczyńska, J., Ziarko, M., Zozulińska‐Ziółkiewicz, D., & Pawłowski, T. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13051306 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An exploration of partners' perspectives on adversity and challenge
Bradding, A. (2015) · City Research Online (City University London) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Metacognitive Therapy: Theoretical Background and Model of Depression
Adrian Wells, A., & Fisher, P. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119114482.ch6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mood Disorders in Parkinson's Disease
Hindle, J. V. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9780470669600.ch76
Leu, Y.-R. (2012) · heiDOK (Heidelberg University) · doi:10.11588/heidok.00013744
Emotion and cognition in Parkinson’s disease
Moonen, A. J. H. (2016) · doi:10.26481/dis.20160324am
The Role of Metacognition in Emotional Distress in People with Multiple Sclerosis
Heffer-Rahn, P. (2017) · University of Liverpool · doi:10.17638/03009731
Russell, J. K. (2021) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.207787
Yetiş, A., Canlı, M., Kuzu, Ş., Valamur, İ., Duran, S., Şahin, B. E., Kocaman, H., Yıldız, N. T., & Alkan, H. (2024) · Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine · doi:10.32322/jhsm.1457042
Acar, D., & Berk, Ö. S. (2024) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1460122
Liu, Z., Wang, P., Wang, Y., He, W., Qin, Y., Wang, L., Zhang, Q., Yang, R., & Changqing, S. (2025) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s553537
Akboğa, Y. E., & Türkel, N. N. (2026) · Acta Neurologica Belgica · doi:10.1007/s13760-025-02986-7
Triscari, S., Lenzo, V., Sardella, A., Caponnetto, P., Galati, A., Lupica, P., Tasca, D., Muratore, S., Marano, P., Caraci, F., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1893510
- Authors
- Allott, R., Wells, A., Morrison, A. P., & Walker, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Allott, Rory
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2005-08
- Volume
- 187
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 182-183
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2035533779
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Parkinson's UK
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, distress, depression, anxiety, psychological vulnerability, psychological intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Cognition, Depression, Humans, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
