The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 39 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background: Psychosocial interventions may contribute to reducing the burden of mental disorders in low- and middle-income (LAMI) countries by improving social functioning, but the evidence has not been systematically reviewed. Aims: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in people with depression and schizophrenia in LAMI countries. Method: Studies were identified through database searching up to March 2011. Randomised controlled trials were included if they compared the intervention group with a control group receiving placebo or treatment as usual. Random effects meta-analyses were performed separately for depressive disorders and schizophrenia and for each intervention type. Results: Of the studies that met the inclusion criteria (n=24), 21 had sufficient data to include in the meta-analysis. Eleven depression trials showed good evidence for a moderate positive effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning (standardised mean difference (SMD)=0.46, 95% CI 0.24-0.69, n=4009) and ten schizophrenia trials showed a large positive effect on social functioning (SMD = 0.84, 95% CI 0.49-1.19, n=1671), although seven of these trials were of low quality. Excluding these did not substantially affect the size or direction of effect, although the precision of the estimate was substantially reduced (SMD = 0.89, 95% CI 0.05-1.72, n=863). Conclusions: Psychosocial interventions delivered in out-patient and primary care settings are effective at improving social functioning in people with depression and should be incorporated into efforts to scale up services. For schizophrenia there is an absence of evidence from high-quality trials and the generalisabilty of the findings is limited by the over-representation of trials conducted in populations of hospital patients in China. More high-quality trials of psychosocial interventions for schizophrenia delivered in out-patient settings are needed.
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28 Own result · 23 Not checked yet · 16 Own method · 15 Own interpretation · 5 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“First, there is increasing evidence that service users place greater value on improvements in social functioning than improvements in clinical status54-56”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [54] Read UM Adiibokah E Nyame S Local suffering and the global discourse of mental health and human rights: an ethnographic study of responses to mental illness in rural Ghana. Glob Health 2009; 5: 13 PMC2770454 19825191 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (“Madness and the loss of social status”; page unavailable) describes the effects of mental illness on work and social standing. The Methods section (“Fieldwork”; page unavailable) says interviews covered social roles and treatment, but no passage found compares service users’ valuation of social-functioning improvements with clinical improvements. Searched for that comparison and for preferences concerning social roles versus symptom reduction. (LLM, conf=0.72)
- Not checked yetcites [55] Davidson L White W The concept of recovery as an organising principle for integrating mental health and addiction services. J Behav Health Serv Res 2007; 34: 104– 20 17351758 source
- Not matchedcites [56] Mental Health Gap Action Programme Scaling Up Care for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders. World Health Organization, 2008 26290926
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“The 24 included trials used 10 different scales to measure social functioning, confirming the previously reported lack of consensus on its measurement.16”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Measurement of social functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Burns T Patrick D Social functioning as an outcome measure in schizophrenia studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2007; 116: 403– 18 17941964
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In the paper
“There was evidence from three trials of a large, positive impact of IPT on social functioning (SMD = 0.84, 95% CI 0.40–1.29, P = 0.0002, I2 = 67%, n = 360).”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat depression
plaindirectn = 360 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There was robust evidence from the six trials evaluating multicomponent interventions for a small improvement in social functioning (SMD = 0.35, 95% CI 0.11–0.59, P≤0.001, I2 = 89%, n = 3291).”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat depression
boosteddirectn = 3,291 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“No trials were included from Sub-Saharan Africa or South Asia.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat schizophrenia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Only 17 of the 62 Cochrane reviews of psychosocial interventions to treat depression or schizophrenia include social functioning outcomes, with only a tiny fraction of the included trials from low- and middle-income (LAMI) countries”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There was not enough evidence to assess the effect of problem-solving therapy or Morita therapy as only one trial respectively assessed these interventions.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat depression
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In contrast to the depression trials, most (11/13) were conducted in China in hospital in-patient populations and only two used non-specialists to deliver the intervention.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat schizophrenia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All 11 depression trials were suitable for inclusion in the meta-analysis.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat depression
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In contrast to the depression trials, most (11/13) were conducted in China in hospital in-patient populations and only two used non-specialists to deliver the intervention.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat schizophrenia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only 17 of the 62 Cochrane reviews of psychosocial interventions to treat depression or schizophrenia include social functioning outcomes, with only a tiny fraction of the included trials from low- and middle-income (LAMI) countries”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Many of the tools were sophisticated in their measurement of a number of domains of social functioning, although no tool measured all domains, and had been appropriately validated in either a number of populations, or specifically in the population in which they were used.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Measurement of social functioning
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Seven were assessed as having a risk of bias and five had strict inclusion criteria limiting the generalisability of the results.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat schizophrenia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“notably, the two trials assessing community care for schizophrenia demonstrated an impact on social functioning even though the intervention had no impact on clinical outcomes.41,42”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Main findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Li X Li X Ma X Ni Y Effects of social rehabilitation on late-onset schizophrenia [in Chinese]. Chin Ment Health J 2002; 16: 711– 3
- Not checked yetcites [42] Pang Y Huang S Li X Hu L Lin C The effect of health education on compliance of patients with paranoid schizophrenia in their follow-up therapy [in Chinese]. Chin Ment Health J 2002; 16: 348– 50
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There was not enough evidence to assess the effect of art therapy or social skills training as only one study respectively assessed these interventions.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat schizophrenia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“A fourth trial on family psychoeducation that could not be included in the meta-analysis also reported a significant positive effect on social functioning.30”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat schizophrenia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Xiang M Ran M Li S A controlled evaluation of psychoeducational family intervention in a rural Chinese community. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 165: 544– 8 7804673
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A striking finding of this review is that improvements in social functioning were maintained at long follow-up periods of over a year.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Main findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was weak evidence from three poor-quality trials of a large positive effect of psychoeducation on social functioning (SMD = 1.15, 95% CI 0.06–2.25, P≤0.001, I2 = 95%, n = 362).”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat schizophrenia
hedgeddirectn = 362 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many of the interventions included in the review were delivered by non-specialists in collaborative and/or stepped-care delivery models often in primary care or community settings.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The meta-analysis was skewed by the study of individual patient psychoeducation, which had a much larger effect than the two family interventions.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat schizophrenia
plaindirectn = 362- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There was good evidence from four trials of large improvements in social functioning due to multicomponent structured psychotherapies against TAU with both groups receiving antipsychotic medication36-39 (SMD = 0.93, 95% CI 0.23–1.63, P≤0.0001, I2 = 89%, n = 893).”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat schizophrenia
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [36] Chen H Chang Y Xiang Y Efficacy of the rehabilitation strategy for inpatients with schizophrenia [in Chinese]. Chin Ment Health J 2003; 17: 839– 42
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked yetcites [37] Guo X Zhai J Liu Z Fang M Wang B Wang C Effect of antipsychotic medication alone vs combined with psychosocial intervention on outcomes of early-stage schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67: 893– 904 PMC3632506 20819983 source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Yildiz M Veznedaroglu B Eryavuz A Kayahan B Psychosocial skills training on social functioning and quality of life in the treatment of schizophrenia: a controlled study in Turkey. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2004; 8: 219– 25 24930550 source
- Not checked yetcites [39] Zimmer M Duncan AV Laitano D Ferreira EE Belmonte-de-Abreu P A twelve-week randomized controlled study of the cognitive-behavioral integrated psychological therapy program: positive effect on the social functioning of schizophrenic patients. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2007; 29: 140– 7 17650536 source
boosteddirectn = 893 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, in the vast majority of included trials, concurrent improvements in both clinical and social functioning were observed.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Main findings
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Lastly, no trials were found that evaluated a number of types of psychosocial interventions shown to be effective in high-income countries, such as wellness promotion,50 vocational rehabilitation51 and cognitive remediation.52,53”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Methodological limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Chafetz L White M Collins-Bride G Cooper BA Nickens J Clinical trial of wellness training: health promotion for severely mentally ill adults. J Nerv Ment Dis 2008; 196: 475– 83 18552625 source
- Not checked yetcites [51] Marshall M Crowther R Almaraz-Serrano A Creed F Sledge W Kluiter H Systematic reviews of the effectiveness of day care for people with severe mental disorders: (1) acute day hospital versus admission; (2) vocational rehabilitation; (3) day hospital versus outpatient care. Health Technol Assess 2001; 5: 1– 75 11532238 source
- Not checked yetcites [52] Nuechterlein KH Dawson ME Ventura J Gitlin M Subotnik KL Snyder KS The vulnerability/stress model of schizophrenic relapse: a longitudinal study. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1994; 382: 58– 64 8091999 source
- Not checked yetcites [53] Delahunty A Morice R Rehabilitation of frontal/executive impairments in schizophrenia. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1996; 30: 760– 7 9034464 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This finding was replicated in a third trial that could not be included in the meta-analysis because of a lack of data, which also showed a significant improvement in social functioning at 12- and 18-month follow-up.32”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat schizophrenia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Xiong W Phillips MR Hu X Wang R Dai Q Kleinman J Family-based intervention for schizophrenic patients in China. A randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 165: 239– 47 7953039 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seven were assessed as having a risk of bias and five had strict inclusion criteria limiting the generalisability of the results.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat schizophrenia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there have been numerous reviews of the clinical effectiveness of interventions for mental disorders,4-7 the effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning has not been reviewed.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Psychosocial interventions may reduce the burden of mental disorders in low- and middle-income countries by improving social functioning.
- Rests on an assumption: Impairment of social functioning is a major reason for the high levels of stigma and disability associated with depression and schizophrenia.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the risk of bias associated with seven of these ten studies limits the strength of the evidence from this meta-analysis.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat schizophrenia
plaincorrelationaln = 1,671- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, an intervention that improves social functioning may not necessarily have an impact on clinical symptoms”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Main findings
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The generalisability of these findings is also restricted by the predominance of trials of hospital in-patients in China.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Main findings
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, all but one of the trials included in the depression meta-analysis were methodologically strong.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Methodological limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For schizophrenia there was an absence of evidence from high-quality trials”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Methodological limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the results show that different types of psychosocial interventions are effective at improving social functioning in people with depression and schizophrenia in LAMI countries.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Main findings
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: Psychosocial interventions may reduce the burden of mental disorders in low- and middle-income countries by improving social functioning.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and that patients who recover symptomatically can be expected to experience a positive change in social functioning.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Main findings
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, there was good evidence from three high-quality trials that a combination of structured psychological therapies (for example psychoeducation, social skills training and IPT), delivered in combination with antipsychotic medication, leads to large improvements in patient social functioning compared with medication alone.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Main findings
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This review provides strong evidence for depression and weaker evidence for schizophrenia in support of the use of a range of psychosocial interventions, with or without concurrent pharmacological interventions5,6 in LAMI countries.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Patel V Simon G Chowdhary N Kaaya S Araya R Packages of care for depression in low- and middle-income countries. PLoS Med 2009; 6: e1000159 19806179 PMC2747016 source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Mari J Razzouk D Thara R Eaton J Thornicroft G Packages of care for schizophrenia in low- and middle-income countries. PLoS Med 2009; 6: e1000165 19841735 PMC2758997 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The social functioning outcome measures used across the included trials are sufficiently comparable to be combined in a meta-analysis.
- Rests on an assumption: The results from the included trials are generalisable to LAMI countries.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the generalisabilty of the findings is limited by the over-representation of trials from China conducted in populations of hospital patients.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Methodological limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“and that impairments in social functioning are often a key factor in an individual's decision to seek care.3”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Hirschfeld RM Montgomery SA Keller MB Kasper S Schatzberg AF Moller HJ Social functioning in depression: a review. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61: 268– 75 10830147
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This review provides strong evidence for depression and weaker evidence for schizophrenia in support of the use of a range of psychosocial interventions, with or without concurrent pharmacological interventions5,6 in LAMI countries.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Patel V Simon G Chowdhary N Kaaya S Araya R Packages of care for depression in low- and middle-income countries. PLoS Med 2009; 6: e1000159 19806179 PMC2747016 source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Mari J Razzouk D Thara R Eaton J Thornicroft G Packages of care for schizophrenia in low- and middle-income countries. PLoS Med 2009; 6: e1000165 19841735 PMC2758997 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The social functioning outcome measures used across the included trials are sufficiently comparable to be combined in a meta-analysis.
- Rests on an assumption: The results from the included trials are generalisable to LAMI countries.
In the paper
“and there is a risk that contextually relevant outcomes, which may have the biggest impact on reducing stigma49 were not captured.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Methodological limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Patel V Farooq S Thara R What is the best approach to treating schizophrenia in developing countries? PLoS Med 2007; 4: e159 17579508 PMC1892038
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, few of the tools to measure social functioning were developed or validated for the setting in which they were used, with some exceptions18”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Methodological limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Bass J Neugebauer R Clougherty KF Verdeli H Wickramaratne P Ndogoni L Group interpersonal psychotherapy for depression in rural Uganda: 6-month outcomes. Randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2006; 188: 567– 73 16738348 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“We note some of the limitations of the evidence included in this review that affect the strength of conclusions and generalisability of the results, particularly to efforts to scale up services for people with mental disorders in LAMI countries.45”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Methodological limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Chisholm D Flisher AJ Lund C Patel V Saxena S Thornicroft G Scale up services for mental disorders: a call for action. Lancet 2007; 370: 1241– 52 17804059 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The scarcity of specialist human resources in these settings60”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Kakuma R Minas H van Ginneken N Dal Poz MR Desiraju K Morris JE Human resources for mental health care: current situation and strategies for action. Lancet 2011; 378: 1654– 63 22008420
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the scales used by the included trials do not include the full range of social functioning domains listed in online Table DS2, in particular parental functioning.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Methodological limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the precision of this estimate is reduced by the smaller number of trials included in this meta-analysis.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Methodological limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The social functioning outcome measures used across the included trials are sufficiently comparable to be combined in a meta-analysis.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For depression, there is strong evidence that stepped collaborative care interventions, often delivered by non-specialists and comprising structured pharmacotherapy, psychoeducation, adherence support and in some cases structured psychotherapy have moderate effects on improving patient social functioning up to 12 months from start of treatment.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Main findings
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, the measures of social functioning used by the trials may have affected the results of the review.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Methodological limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was also some evidence that IPT, often delivered by non-specialists, is effective at improving social functioning over a 12-month period.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Main findings
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may be because these interventions involved shifting the locus of care to the community to promote re-integration following a hospital admission, rather than specific treatments for clinical symptoms.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Main findings
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four of the trials were from Chile, three from China, and the remainder from India, Brazil and Uganda.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat depression
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Excluding the one trial with a risk of bias did not affect this conclusion, and the magnitude of effect was the same for both short- and long-term follow-up.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat depression
plainn = 4,009- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The combined SMD for all interventions was 0.46 (95% CI 0.24–0.69, P≤0.001, I2 = 90%, n = 4009), indicating small to moderate improvements in social functioning based on the rule of thumb interpretation of SMDs whereby 0.2 represents a small effect, 0.5 a moderate effect and 0.8 a large effect.29”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat depression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Cohen J Statistical Power Analysis in the Behavioral Sciences (2nd edn). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1988
hedgeddirectn = 4,009 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of trials were set in out-patient, primary care or community settings.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat depression
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Five of the trials used non-mental health specialists to deliver the intervention through task-sharing.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat depression
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Three trials did not contain sufficient data to be included in the meta-analysis,30-32 and as we were unable to obtain this information from the authors, these trials are included in the qualitative synthesis of results only.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat schizophrenia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Xiang M Ran M Li S A controlled evaluation of psychoeducational family intervention in a rural Chinese community. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 165: 544– 8 7804673 source
- Not matchedcites [31] Cui Y Yang W Weng Y Effectiveness of social skills training in patients with chronic schizophrenia [in Chinese]. Chin Ment Health J 2004; 18: 799– 805
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked yetcites [32] Xiong W Phillips MR Hu X Wang R Dai Q Kleinman J Family-based intervention for schizophrenic patients in China. A randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 165: 239– 47 7953039 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In total 11 trials assessed the effect of interventions to treat depression, 6 assessed multicomponent collaborative care interventions, three interpersonal therapy (IPT), 1 problem-solving therapy, and 1 Morita therapy.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat depression
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirteen trials assessed the effect of interventions to treat schizophrenia: 3 trials assessed the effect of family psychoeducation, 1 patient psychoeducation, 1 social skills training, 1 art therapy, 4 multicomponent structured psychotherapies and 3 community-based care interventions.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat schizophrenia
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 9592 unique records were obtained, of which 24 trials met the inclusion criteria.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only one trial was assessed as having an overall risk of bias and nine had long-term follow-up of more than 6 months.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat depression
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Excluding the seven trials with a risk of bias did not substantially affect the size or direction of effect, although the precision of the estimate was substantially reduced due to the smaller pooled sample sizes (SMD = 0.89, 95% CI 0.05–1.72, P≤0.001, I2 = 91%, n = 863).”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat schizophrenia
plainn = 863 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast to clinical improvements that are often observed early in the intervention, improvements in social functioning were sometimes only evident at later stages (for example Li & Arthur33 and Pang et al42).”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Main findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Li & Arthur33
- Not checked yetcites Pang et al42
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This resulted in the identification of a substantial body of previously largely uncited work from China that significantly adds to the body of knowledge particularly on the effectiveness of schizophrenia interventions.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Methodological limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although both the depression and the schizophrenia reviews show that intervention effects were sustained over greater than a 6- or 12-month period respectively”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Methodological limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The social functioning outcome measures used across the included trials are sufficiently comparable to be combined in a meta-analysis.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three of these trials had a low risk of bias and a sensitivity analysis restricted to these trials did not affect this finding.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat schizophrenia
plainn = 893- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 11 depression trials from 5 countries and 13 schizophrenia trials from 3 countries were included in this review.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Main findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The combined SMD for all interventions was 0.84 (95% CI 0.49–1.19, P≤0.001, I2 = 89%, n = 1671), indicating large improvements in social functioning.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat schizophrenia
hedgeddirectn = 1,671 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of the interventions on social functioning increased over time, with moderate effect sizes at less than 12 months' follow-up (SMD = 0.71, 95% CI 0.36–1.06, P≤0.001, I2 = 88%, n = 1718), increasing to a large effect on social functioning at more than 12 months' follow-up (SMD = 0.93, 95% CI 0.37–1.49, P≤0.001, I2 = 95%, n = 1409).”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat schizophrenia
plaindirectn = 1,718 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There was weak evidence from two trials with a high risk of bias41,42 of a small increase in social functioning as a result of community-based interventions (SMD = 0.33, 95% CI 0.10–0.55, P = 0.004, I2 = 88%, n = 316), despite neither trial showing an effect on clinical outcomes.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat schizophrenia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Li X Li X Ma X Ni Y Effects of social rehabilitation on late-onset schizophrenia [in Chinese]. Chin Ment Health J 2002; 16: 711– 3
- Not checked yetcites [42] Pang Y Huang S Li X Hu L Lin C The effect of health education on compliance of patients with paranoid schizophrenia in their follow-up therapy [in Chinese]. Chin Ment Health J 2002; 16: 348– 50
hedgeddirectn = 316 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Risk of bias was assessed both at the study level (for example sequence generation and allocation concealment) and at the outcome level (for example losses to follow-up for the social functioning outcome).”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Method > Selection of studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The methods and results in this paper are presented according to the PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews.8”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Method
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Moher D Liberati A Tetzlaff J Altman DG Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 2009; 6: e1000097 19621072 PMC2707599 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The quality of included studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool14 by two authors.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Method > Selection of studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Higgins JPT Green S Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To control for study quality, trials that had a risk of bias for allocation concealment, or for whom allocation concealment could not be assessed but who had a risk of bias for sequence generation and/or masking of outcome assessment, were excluded from the meta-analysis.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Method > Data analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data for the meta-analyses were extracted by H.L.L. and double checked by M.J.D.S.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Method > Selection of studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lastly, funnel plots for the primary meta-analyses were generated to assess possible publication bias.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Method > Data analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data were extracted by two authors using a standard data extraction form including inclusion criteria for participants, intervention and control groups, outcome measures and effect estimates.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Method > Selection of studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although a visual inspection of the plots shows them to be somewhat asymmetrical, this asymmetry may have been caused by heterogeneity in intervention type rather than publication bias, as indicated by the large I2 for the combined effect estimates.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Publication bias
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For schizophrenia, interventions demonstrated a strong effect, but the interpretation of these findings is tempered by the risk of bias associated with seven of the ten trials.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Main findings
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We used a wide-ranging search strategy with no limitations set on date, publication type or language.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Methodological limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is likely that improvements in social functioning happen more slowly and subsequently to clinical improvements”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Main findings
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Providing interventions that improve patient social functioning will not only reduce the burden of mental disorders by enabling people to fulfil a productive social role, but may also be the most effective way to combat stigma.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Implications
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The results from the included trials are generalisable to LAMI countries.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We conducted a meta-analysis of similar trials, using outcomes measured at similar time points and with comparable control groups to test the size of the effect of the interventions on social functioning, and examined heterogeneity by study quality.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Methodological limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The social functioning outcome measures used across the included trials are sufficiently comparable to be combined in a meta-analysis.
In the paper
“Some asymmetry may also have been caused by the tendency in this review for the poorer quality trials to show larger effects, as documented elsewhere.44”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Publication bias
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Schulz KF Chalmers I Hayes RJ Altman DG Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. JAMA 1995; 273: 408– 12 7823387 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Parental functioning was only measured in two of the ten scales used by the included trials, leading to potential underestimates of the effect of the intervention on social functioning in these trials.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Methodological limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additional limitations of the evidence included in this review include the short follow-up in a third of trials, potentially not allowing sufficient time to detect improvements in functioning in the intervention group.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Methodological limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“but maternal depression has been shown to affect child health47 and growth.48”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Methodological limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Rahman A Malik A Sikander S Roberts C Creed F Cognitive behaviour therapy-based intervention by community health workers for mothers with depression and their infants in rural Pakistan: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 902– 9 18790313 PMC2603063 source
- Not checked yetcites [48] Surkan PJ Kennedy CE Hurley KM Black MM Maternal depression and early childhood growth in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ 2011; 89: 608– 15 21836759 PMC3150769 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, the methods used for this review were strong.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Methodological limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As four trials were assessed as having a high overall risk of bias (two because the risk of bias was unknown due to lack of information in the published paper), the level of evidence for psychoeducation is currently weak.”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat schizophrenia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“as not only are they at a higher risk for depression,5”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Methodological limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Patel V Simon G Chowdhary N Kaaya S Araya R Packages of care for depression in low- and middle-income countries. PLoS Med 2009; 6: e1000159 19806179 PMC2747016 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Psychosocial interventions may reduce the burden of mental disorders in low- and middle-income countries by improving social functioning.
“Psychosocial interventions may contribute to reducing the burden of mental disorders in low- and middle-income (LAMI) countries by improving social functioning”
The paper relies on this without support.
Impairment of social functioning is a major reason for the high levels of stigma and disability associated with depression and schizophrenia.
“Impairment of social functioning, defined as ‘an individual's ability to perform and fulfil normal social roles’,3 is a major reason for the high levels of stigma and disability associated with these mental disorders.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The social functioning outcome measures used across the included trials are sufficiently comparable to be combined in a meta-analysis.
“We conducted a meta-analysis of similar trials, using outcomes measured at similar time points and with comparable control groups to test the size of the effect of the interventions on social functioning”
The paper relies on this without support.
The results from the included trials are generalisable to LAMI countries.
“This review provides strong evidence for depression and weaker evidence for schizophrenia in support of the use of a range of psychosocial interventions, with or without concurrent pharmacological interventions5,6 in LAMI countries.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, most psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy trials in depression have focussed on the reduction of depressive symptoms, rather than improvement of social functioning (Silva et al., 2013).”
From Social functioning in major depressive disorder (2016) · cites this paper as Silva et al., 2013
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Abstract
“For schizophrenia there is an absence of evidence from high-quality trials”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Discussion > Main findings
“However, there was good evidence from three high-quality trials that a combination of structured psychological therapies (for example psychoeducation, social skills training and IPT), delivered in combination with antipsychotic medication, leads to large improvements in patient social functioning compared with medication alone.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat schizophrenia
“most (11/13) were conducted in China in hospital in-patient populations”
§ Effect of psychosocial interventions on social functioning in depression and schizophrenia: meta-analysis > Results > Effect of psychosocial interventions to treat depression
“| Hospital in-patient | 2 | 7 | 9 |”
Citations
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Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042
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Research works printed but not linked: 14
- Chen, 2003, Efficacy of the rehabilitation strategy for inpatients with schizophrenia [in Chinese], Chin Ment Health J, 17
- Hu, 2007, Synthetical family treatment for depression: a randomized-controlled single-blind study among 76 cases [in Chinese], J Clin Rehabil Tissue Eng Res, 11
- Wei, 2005, Effect of new Morita therapy plus antipsychotic drugs in ameliorating post-schizophrenia depression [in Chinese], Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu, 9
- Fritsch, 2007, A randomized trial of pharmacotherapy with telephone monitoring to improve treatment of depression in primary care in Santiago, Chile [in Spanish], Rev Med Chile, 135
- Higgins, 2011, Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0.
- Wang, 2008, The effect of regular health education on rehabilitation of outpatients with schizophrenia in rural areas [in Chinese], Chin Merit Health J, 22
- 2004, The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update
- Gates, 2005, In About The Cochrane Collaboration (Collaborative Review Groups (CRGs)), issue 2
- Meng, 2005, Group intervention for schizophrenia inpatient with art as medium [in Chinese], Acta Psychol Sinica, 37
- Wei, 1997, Primary application of mental education in recovery stage of schizophrenia [in Chinese], Chin Ment Health J, 11
- Li, 2002, Effects of social rehabilitation on late-onset schizophrenia [in Chinese], Chin Merit Health J, 16
- 2008, Scaling Up Care for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders
- Cui, 2004, Effectiveness of social skills training in patients with chronic schizophrenia [in Chinese], Chin Ment Health J, 18, 799
- Pang, 2002, The effect of health education on compliance of patients with paranoid schizophrenia in their follow-up therapy [in Chinese], Chin Ment Health J, 16
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Social functioning in major depressive disorder
Kupferberg, A., Bicks, L., & Hasler, G. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.002 · Cited by 663
Barbui, C., Purgato, M., Abdulmalik, J., Acarturk, C., Eaton, J., Gastaldon, C., Gureje, O., Hanlon, C., Jordans, M., Lund, C., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30511-5 · Cited by 349
Self-citationKohrt, B. A., Asher, L., Bhardwaj, A., Fazel, M. S., Jordans, M. J. D., Mutamba, B. B., Nadkarni, A., Pedersen, G. A., Singla, D. R., & Patel, V. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15061279 · Cited by 381
Self-citationKoutsouleris, N., Kambeitz-Ilankovic, L., Ruhrmann, S., Rosen, M., Ruef, A., Dwyer, D. B., Paolini, M., Chisholm, K., Kambeitz, J., Haidl, T., et al. (2018) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.2165 · Cited by 341
Kamenov, K., Twomey, C. D., Cabello, M., Prina, M. A., & Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716002774 · Cited by 244
Metadata
- Authors
- De Silva, M. J., Cooper, S., Li, H. L., Lund, C., & Patel, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 202
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 253-260
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- PMC
- PMC3613719
- OpenAlex
- W2107904541
- Semantic Scholar
- e65e7f3bd43af038ab3888f1ff9076d3bc74d1c5
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 1.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (091834)
- Department for International Development (HRPC10)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- psychosocial interventions, social functioning, depression, schizophrenia, low- and middle-income countries, outpatient mental health services, primary care, mental health service delivery
- MeSH terms
- Depression, Humans, Poverty, Psychotherapy, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Social Behavior, Publication Bias
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-04, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-04 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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