The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and social responsiveness symptoms of autism: population-based study of young children
Open accessAbstract
Background: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are considered safe and are frequently used during pregnancy. However, two case–control studies suggested an association between prenatal SSRI exposure with childhood autism. Aims: To prospectively determine whether intra-uterine SSSRI exposure is associated with childhood autistic symptoms in a population-based study. Method: A total of 376 children prenatally exposed to maternal depressive symptoms (no SSRI exposure), 69 children prenatally exposed to SSRIs and 5531 unexposed children were included. Child pervasive developmental and affective problems were assessed by parental report with the Child Behavior Checklist at ages 1.5, 3 and 6. At age 6, we assessed autistic traits using the Social Responsiveness Scale (n= 4264). Results: Prenatal exposure to maternal depressive symptoms without SSRIs was related to both pervasive developmental (odds ratio (OR) = 1.44, 95% CI 1.07–1.93) and affective problems (OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.15–1.81). Compared with unexposed children, those prenatally exposed to SSRIs also were at higher risk for developing pervasive developmental problems (OR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.13–3.47), but not for affective problems. Children prenatally exposed to SSRIs also had more autistic traits (B= 0.15, 95% CI 0.08–0.22) compared with those exposed to depressive symptoms only. Conclusions: Our results suggest an association between prenatal SSRI exposure and autistic traits in children. Prenatal depressive symptoms without SSRI use were also associated with autistic traits, albeit this was weaker and less specific. Long-term drug safety trials are needed before evidence-based recommendations are possible.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Associations between ASD and maternal psychiatric conditions preceding or during pregnancy (20, 45, 46), including depression (24, 43, 44, 47), schizophrenia (48, 49), anxiety (50), and personality disorders (48), are commonly reported in the literature.”
From Maternal Psychiatric Conditions, Treatment With Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“However, reflecting the mixed evidence of this research area, our findings also contradict several other large studies conducted in Sweden,(30, 43) the Netherlands (44), California (31, 32), Canada (29), and Denmark (27, 28).”
From Maternal Psychiatric Conditions, Treatment With Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“These positive findings in other studies persisted even after efforts to reduce confounding by indication through adjustment for maternal psychiatric condition (29, 31, 43, 44), restriction to mothers with psychiatric conditions (27–30, 32), and propensity weighting methods (30).”
From Maternal Psychiatric Conditions, Treatment With Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [44]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Detection of Postnatal Depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.150.6.782 · Cited by 14,183
The brief symptom inventory: an introductory report.
Derogatis, L. R., & Melisaratos, N. (1983) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700048017 · Cited by 6,650
No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons.
Rothman, K. J. (1990) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199001000-00010 · Cited by 5,965
Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.213 · Cited by 5,436
THE IMPACT OF CONFOUNDER SELECTION CRITERIA ON EFFECT ESTIMATION
Mickey, R. M., & Greenland, S. (1989) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115101 · Cited by 2,382
RE:“;THE IMPACT OF CONFOUNDER SELECTION CRITERIA ON EFFECT ESTIMATION”
Greenland, S., & Mickey, R. M. (1989) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115409 · Cited by 2,114
Modern Epidemiology 3rd edition
Rothman, K. J., Lash, T. L., & Greenland, S. (1986) · Cited by 1,736
Antenatal maternal stress and long‐term effects on child neurodevelopment: how and why?
Talge, N. M., Neal, C., Glover, V., & the Early Stress, T. R. A. P. S. N. F. A. N. E. O. C. A. A. M. H. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01714.x · Cited by 1,349
The developmental role of serotonin: news from mouse molecular genetics
Gaspar, P., Cases, O., & Maroteaux, L. (2003) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1256 · Cited by 1,297
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- 2004, Allochtonen in Nederland 2004 (Migrants in The Netherlands 2004)
- Constantino, 2005, Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS): Manual
- Rothman, 2008, Modern Epidemiology
- 2004, Standaard Onderwijsindeling 2003 (Standard Classification of Education 2003)
- de Beurs, 2004, Brief Symptom Inventory Handleiding (Brief Symptom Inventory Manual)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–117 of 117
Krajewska, K., & Słowińska, A. (2017) · Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna · doi:10.15557/pipk.2017.0006 · Cited by 1
Grigoriadis, S., & Peer, M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92919-4_5 · Cited by 1
Psychopharmaka in der Schwangerschaft
Kittel‐Schneider, S. (2020) · Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-0915-5635 · Cited by 1
Hormonal and reproductive effects
Castle, D. J., & Abel, K. M. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107045132.009
The Environmental Basis of Behavior
Ellenbroek, B. A., & Youn, J. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801657-2.00004-5
Making Sense Out of the Controversy: Use of SSRIs in Pregnancy
Ortega, M. V., & Urato, A. C. (2016) · Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports · doi:10.1007/s13669-016-0173-z
Psychisch krank und schwanger – welche Medikamente sind möglich?
Kittel‐Schneider, S. (2017) · InFo Neurologie + Psychiatrie · doi:10.1007/s15005-017-1939-1
Girardi, A. M. (2017) · AMS Dottorato Institutional Doctoral Theses Repository (University of Bologna) · doi:10.6092/unibo/amsdottorato/7827
SOP Psychopharmaka in der Schwangerschaft
Kittel‐Schneider, S. (2019) · PSYCH up2date · doi:10.1055/a-0820-8348
Wood, M. E., Eilertsen, E. M., Ystrøm, E., Nordeng, H., & Hernández–Dı́az, S. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.1101/2020.06.11.20128496
Interrogating placental function in pregnancies affected by prenatal depression
Sumption, L. A. (2020) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
Bénevent, J., Hurault‐Delarue, C., Araujo, M., Revet, A., Sommet, A., Lacroix, I., & Damase‐Michel, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.795890
Simoni, M. K., & Yonkers, K. A. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119072980.ch36
Ptak, A., Przylibska, K., Stefańska, M., & Kowalska, J. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14217865
Cohen, N. J., Defina, S., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Faleschini, S., Kirby, R. S., Chen, H., Wilson, R., Fryer, K. E., Marroun, H. E., Cecil, C. A. M., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24454969
Self-citationConséquences à long terme de l'exposition in utero à des médicaments
Bénevent, J. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/2e0fc5b0zb9b0z4d14zb36fze45f1f941d25
McIlvride, S., Rao, N., Singh, S., Nelson, S. M., Pell, J. P., & Fleming, M. (2026) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004658
Metadata
- Authors
- Marroun, H. E., White, T. J. H., van der Knaap, N. J. F., Homberg, J. R., Fernández, G., Schoemaker, N. K., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Hofman, A., Verhulst, F. C., Hudziak, J. J., Stricker, B. H. C., & Tiemeier, H.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- University of Vermont (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tiemeier, Henning
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2014-08
- Volume
- 205
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 95-102
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W1981456496
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 15.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pregnancy and Medication Impact
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- prenatal SSRI exposure, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, autism spectrum disorder, autistic traits, social responsiveness, maternal depression, emotional problems, child behavior, drug safety in pregnancy
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
