Prenatal SSRI use and offspring with autism spectrum disorder or developmental delay
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between prenatal use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and the odds of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and other developmental delays (DDs). METHODS: A total of 966 mother-child pairs were evaluated (492 ASD, 154 DD, 320 typical development [TD]) from the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment (CHARGE) Study, a population-based case-control study. Standardized measures confirmed developmental status. Interviews with biological mothers ascertained prenatal SSRI use, maternal mental health history, and sociodemographic information. RESULTS: Overall, prevalence of prenatal SSRI exposure was lowest in TD children (3.4%) but did not differ significantly from ASD (5.9%) or DD (5.2%) children. Among boys, prenatal SSRI exposure was nearly 3 times as likely in children with ASD relative to TD (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 2.91; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07–7.93); the strongest association occurred with first-trimester exposure (OR: 3.22; 95% CI: 1.17–8.84). Exposure was also elevated among boys with DD (OR: 3.39; 95% CI: 0.98–11.75) and was strongest in the third trimester (OR: 4.98; 95% CI: 1.20–20.62). Findings were similar among mothers with an anxiety or mood disorder history. CONCLUSIONS: In boys, prenatal exposure to SSRIs may increase susceptibility to ASD or DD. Findings from published studies on SSRIs and ASD continues to be inconsistent. Potential recall bias and residual confounding by indication are concerns. Larger samples are needed to replicate DD results. Because maternal depression itself carries risks for the fetus, the benefits of prenatal SSRI use should be carefully weighed against potential harms.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Earlier work has linked prenatal SSRIs to particular DD types, such as motor and speech/language delays.
“Previous studies have observed associations between prenatal SSRI exposure and specific types of DD, including motor (32, 59) and speech/language delays (57).”
From Maternal Psychiatric Conditions, Treatment With Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
The DD-prenatal SSRI pattern resembled the ASD pattern and matched earlier null findings for ADHD, DD, and ID.
“Relationships between DD and prenatal SSRIs were overall similar to those observed with ASD, and in agreement with previous null reports of prenatal SSRI use and ADHD (21, 25, 42), DD (32, 57), and ID (27, 58).”
From Maternal Psychiatric Conditions, Treatment With Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
The null prenatal SSRI-ASD result conflicts with several large studies from Sweden, the Netherlands, California, Canada, and Denmark.
“However, reflecting the mixed evidence of this research area, our findings also contradict several other large studies conducted in Sweden,(30, 43) the Netherlands (44), California (31, 32), Canada (29), and Denmark (27, 28).”
From Maternal Psychiatric Conditions, Treatment With Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
Other studies' positive results remained after adjustment, restriction, and propensity weighting aimed at confounding by indication.
“These positive findings in other studies persisted even after efforts to reduce confounding by indication through adjustment for maternal psychiatric condition (29, 31, 43, 44), restriction to mothers with psychiatric conditions (27–30, 32), and propensity weighting methods (30).”
From Maternal Psychiatric Conditions, Treatment With Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
For ASD, seven case-control studies involving 291,468 patients and 13,243 cases and eight cohort studies involving 3,294,218 patients and 27,342 cases were included.
“For ASD as the outcome, seven case–control studies (involving 291,468 patients and 13,243 cases of ASD) [17, 18, 26–29, 32] and eight cohort studies (involving 3,294,218 patients and 27,342 cases of ASD) [16, 19, 25, 30, 31, 33–35] were included.”
A total of 15 observational studies measuring ASD as an outcome were identified.
“there was a total of 15 observational studies measuring ASD as an outcome [16–19, 25–35].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529310 · Cited by 81,148 · see citing works
Mullen Scales of Early Learning
Bradley‐Johnson, S. (1997) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6807(199710)34:4 · Cited by 2,329 · see citing works
Social Communication Questionnaire
Lund, E. M. (2014) · Encyclopedia of Special Education · doi:10.1002/9781118660584.ese2224 · Cited by 975 · see citing works
Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
Kim, S. H., & Lord, C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1520-2 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
A transient placental source of serotonin for the fetal forebrain
Bonnin, A., Goeden, N., Chen, K., Wilson, M. L., King, J., Shih, J. C., Blakely, R. D., Deneris, E. S., & Levitt, P. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09972 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Combining Information From Multiple Sources in the Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders
RISI, S., LORD, C., GOTHAM, K., CORSELLO, C., CHRYSLER, C., SZATMARI, P., COOK, E. H., LEVENTHAL, B. L., & PICKLES, A. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000227880.42780.0e · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Perinatal Risks of Untreated Depression during Pregnancy
Bonari, L., Pinto, N., Ahn, E., Einarson, A., Steiner, M. S., & Koren, G. (2004) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370404901103 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Antidepressant Use During Pregnancy and Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders
Croen, L. A. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.73 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Serotonin and brain development: role in human developmental diseases
Whitaker-Azmitia, P. M. (2001) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00615-3 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
The impact of maternal depression in pregnancy on early child development
Deave, T., Heron, J., Evans, J., & Emond, A. (2008) · BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01752.x · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Hertz‐Picciotto, I., Croen, L., Hansen, R. L., Jones, C. R., de Water, J. V., & Pessah, I. N. (2006) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.8483 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Self-citationCasper, R. C., Fleisher, B. E., Lee-Ancajas, J. C., Gilles, A. A., GAYLOR, E. E., DeBattista, A. M., & Hoyme, H. E. (2003) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1067/mpd.2003.139 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Placental Passage of Antidepressant Medications
Hendrick, V. C., Stowe, Z. N., Altshuler, L. L., Hwang, S., Lee, E., & Haynes, D. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.993 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Rai, D., Lee, B. K., Dalman, C., Golding, J., Lewis, G., & Magnusson, C. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f2059 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Pinette, M. G., & Wax, J. R. (2009) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0b013e3181ba0632 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Abortion surveillance--United States, 1999.
Elam–Evans, L. D., Strauss, L. T., Herndon, J. L., Parker, W. Y., Whitehead, S. J., & Berg, C. J. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Whitaker‐Azmitia, P. M. (2004) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.07.022 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Placental Transfer of SSRI and SNRI Antidepressants and Effects on the Neonate
Rampono, J., Simmer, K. N., Ilett, K. F., Hackett, L. P., Doherty, D. A., Elliot, R. H., Kok, C. H., Coenen, A., & Forman, T. (2009) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/s-0028-1103296 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Mulder, E. J., Anderson, G. M., Kema, I. P., de Bildt, A., van Lang, N. D., den Boer, J. A., & Minderaa, R. B. (2004) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200404000-00016 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and risk of autism
Hviid, A., Melbye, M., & Pasternak, B. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1301449 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in affective disorders — I. Basic pharmacology
Goodnick, P. J., & Goldstein, B. J. (1998) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881198012003021 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Ovarian steroids and serotonin neural function
Bethea, C. L., Pecins-Thompson, M., Schutzer, W. E., Gundlah, C., & Lu, Z. (1998) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/bf02914268 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Rice, F. J., Lewis, A., Harold, G. T., van den Bree, M. B. M., Boivin, J., Hay, D. F., Owen, M. J., & Thapar, A. (2006) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.09.015 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Rayen, I., van den Hove, D., Prickaerts, J., Steinbusch, H. W. M., & Pawluski, J. L. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024003 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Behavior and serotonergic disorders in rats exposed prenatally to valproate: A model for autism
Dufour-Rainfray, D., Vourc’h, P., Le Guisquet, A.-M., Garreau, L., Ternant, D., Bodard, S., Jaumain, E., Gulhan, Z., Belzung, C., Andres, C. R., et al. (2010) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.12.054 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Patterns of antidepressant medication use among pregnant women in a United States population
Alwan, S., Reefhuis, J., Rasmussen, S. A., Friedman, J. M., & Study, N. B. D. P. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/0091270010373928 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Fetal exposure to antidepressants and normal milestone development at 6 and 19 months of age
Pedersen, L. H., Henriksen, T. B., & Olsen, J. (2010) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-3655 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Lisboa, S. F. D. S., de Oliveira, P. E. C., Costa, L. C., Venâncio, E. J., & Moreira, E. G. (2007) · Pharmacology · doi:10.1159/000103097 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Sex-specific genetic architecture of whole blood serotonin levels
Weiss, L. A., Abney, M., Cook, E. H., & Ober, C. (2005) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/426697 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Parental psychiatric disorders and autism spectrum disorders
Jokiranta‐Olkoniemi, E., Brown, A. S., Heinimaa, M., Cheslack‐Postava, K., Suominen, A., & Sourander, A. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.01.005 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Silva, M. A. D. S., Mattern, C., Topic, B., Buddenberg, T., & Huston, J. P. (2008) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.08.003 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Prenatal exposure to antidepressant medications and neurodevelopmental outcomes: A systematic review
Gentile, S., & Galbally, M. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.02.125 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Casper, R. C., Gilles, A. A., Fleisher, B. E., Baran, J., Enns, G. M., & Lazzeroni, L. C. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2270-z · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Placental serotonin: implications for the developmental effects of SSRIs and maternal depression
Velasquez, J. C., Goeden, N., & Bonnin, A. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00047 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Social Communication Questionnaire
Snow, A. V. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_1651 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Harrington, R., Lee, L.-C., Crum, R., Zimmerman, A., & Hertz-Picciotto, I. (2013) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1288 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationMullen Scales of Early Learning
Shank, L. K. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_1570 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Burstyn, I., Wang, X., Yasui, Y., Sithole, F., & Zwaigenbaum, L. (2011) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-11-2 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Newport, D. J., Brennan, P. A., Green, P., Ilardi, D. L., Whitfield, T. H., Morris, N. J., Knight, B. T., & Stowe, Z. N. (2008) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01701.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Neonatal serotonin depletion alters behavioral responses to spatial change and novelty
Höhmann, C. F., Walker, E. M., Boylan, C. B., & Blue, M. E. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.12.095 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Schieve, L. A., Rice, C., Devine, O., Maenner, M. J., Lee, L.-C., Fitzgerald, R., Wingate, M. S., Schendel, D., Pettygrove, S., van Naarden Braun, K., et al. (2011) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.08.009 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationAnderson, G. M., Czarkowski, K. A., Ravski, N., & Epperson, C. N. (2004) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/01.pdr.0000136278.23672.a0 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised
Kim, S. H. S., Bal, V. H., & Lord, C. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_894 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Rurak, D. W., Lim, K. I., Sanders, A. P., Brain, U. M., Riggs, W. K., & Oberlander, T. F. (2011) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e31821ba11a · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Interaction of fluoxetine with the human placental serotonin transporter
Cool, D. R., Liebach, F. H., & Ganapathy, V. (1990) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(90)90249-k · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Treatment with Antidepressant Medications in Private Health Plans
Larson, M. J., Miller, K., & Fleming, K. J. (2006) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-006-0088-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Use of Biomarkers in Psychiatric Research
Preskorn, S. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000410986.61593.46 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 50 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Sparrow SS, Balla DA, Cicchetti DV. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales Interview Edition Expanded Form. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service, Inc; 1984
- Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. Validity in epidemiologic studies. In: Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL, eds. Modern Epide- miology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008:128-147
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Female Autism Phenotype and Camouflaging: a Narrative Review
Hull, L., Petrides, K. V., & Mandy, W. (2020) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-020-00197-9 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
The serotonin system in autism spectrum disorder: From biomarker to animal models
Muller, C. L., Anacker, A. M. J., & Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. (2016) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.010 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Brummelte, S., Mc Glanaghy, E., Bonnin, A., & Oberlander, T. F. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.037 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Preeclampsia, Placental Insufficiency, and Autism Spectrum Disorder or Developmental Delay
Walker, C. K., Krakowiak, P., Baker, A., Hansen, R. L., Ozonoff, S., & Hertz-Picciotto, I. (2015) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.2645 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Self-citationMandy, W., & Lai, M. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12501 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Depression during pregnancy and postpartum
Becker, M., Weinberger, T., Chandy, A., & Schmukler, S. (2016) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0664-7 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Environmental factors influencing the risk of autism
Karimi, P., Kamali, E., Mousavi, S. M., & Karahmadi, M. (2017) · Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.4103/1735-1995.200272 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Prenatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Ornoy, A., Weinstein-Fudim, L., & Ergaz, Z. (2015) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.007 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Sujan, A. C., Rickert, M. E., Öberg, A. S., Quinn, P. D., Hernández-Díaz, S., Almqvist, C., Lichtenstein, P., Larsson, H., & D’Onofrio, B. M. (2017) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2017.3413 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
The Utility of Zebrafish as a Model for Screening Developmental Neurotoxicity
d’Amora, M., & Giordani, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00976 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Understanding environmental contributions to autism: Causal concepts and the state of science
Hertz‐Picciotto, I., Schmidt, R. J., & Krakowiak, P. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1938 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citationBrown, H. K., Ray, J. G., Wilton, A. S., Lunsky, Y., Gomes, T., & Vigod, S. N. (2017) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2017.3415 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Pearlstein, T. B. (2015) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.04.004 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Perinatal Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Assessment and Treatment
Misri, S. K., Abizadeh, J., Sanders, S., & Swift, E. (2015) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2014.5150 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Ornoy, A., Weinstein‐Fudim, L., & Ergaz, Z. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00316 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Morales, D. R., Slattery, J., Evans, S., & Kurz, X. (2018) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-017-0993-3 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Man, K. K. C., Tong, H. H. Y., Wong, L. Y. L., Chan, E. W., Simonoff, E., & Wong, I. C. K. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.020 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Carter, C. J., & Blizard, R. (2016) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2016.10.011 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Prenatal environmental risk factors for autism spectrum disorder and their potential mechanisms
Love, C., Sominsky, L., O’Hely, M., Berk, M., Vuillermin, P., & Dawson, S. L. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03617-3 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Mezzacappa, A., Lasica, P.-A., Gianfagna, F., Cazas, O., Hardy, P., Falissard, B., Sutter-Dallay, A.-L., & Gressier, F. (2017) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0124 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Vigod, S. N., Wilson, C. A., & Howard, L. M. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i1547 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Glover, M. E., & Clinton, S. M. (2016) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.04.008 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Paroxetine—The Antidepressant from Hell? Probably Not, But Caution Required
Nevels, R. M., Gontkovsky, S. T., & Williams, B. E. (2025) · Psychopharmacology Bulletin · doi:10.64719/pb.4345 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
El Marroun, H., White, T., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. (2014) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0558-3 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Salari, A., Fatehi-Gharehlar, L., Motayagheni, N., & Homberg, J. R. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.062 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Antidepressants during pregnancy and autism in offspring: population based cohort study
Rai, D., Lee, B. K., Dalman, C., Newschaffer, C., Lewis, G., & Magnusson, C. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j2811 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Association of Sex With Recurrence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Siblings
Palmer, N., Beam, A., Agniel, D., Eran, A., Manrai, A., Spettell, C., Steinberg, G., Mandl, K., Fox, K., Nelson, S. F., et al. (2017) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.2832 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Davis, E. P., Hankin, B. L., Swales, D. A., & Hoffman, M. C. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000470 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Andalib, S., Emamhadi, M. R., Yousefzadeh-Chabok, S., Shakouri, S. K., Høilund-Carlsen, P. F., Vafaee, M. S., & Michel, T. M. (2017) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.06.001 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Garbarino, V. R., Gilman, T. L., Daws, L. C., & Gould, G. G. (2018) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2018.07.010 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Millard, S. J., Weston–Green, K., & Newell, K. A. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.008 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Kobayashi, T., Matsuyama, T., Takeuchi, M., & Ito, S. (2016) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.016 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Beversdorf, D. Q., & MISSOURI AUTISM SUMMIT CONSORTIUM* (2016) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000351 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Prenatal antidepressant exposure associated withCYP2E1DNA methylation change in neonates
Gurnot, C., Martin-Subero, I., Mah, S. M., Weikum, W., Goodman, S. J., Brain, U. M., Werker, J. F., Kobor, M. S., Esteller, M., Oberlander, T. F., et al. (2015) · Epigenetics · doi:10.1080/15592294.2015.1026031 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Protective Effect or Missed Diagnosis? Females with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Hull, L., & Mandy, W. (2017) · Future Neurology · doi:10.2217/fnl-2017-0006 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Safety of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Pregnancy: A Review of Current Evidence
Alwan, S. S., Friedman, J. M., & Chambers, C. (2016) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0338-3 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Gentile, S. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.048 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Jha, S. C., Meltzer-Brody, S., Steiner, R. J., Cornea, E., Woolson, S., Ahn, M., Verde, A. R., Hamer, R. M., Zhu, H., Styner, M., et al. (2016) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.05.004 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Kaplan, Y. C., Arslan, E. K., Acar, S., & Sözmen, K. (2016) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.09.013 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Autism risk following antidepressant medication during pregnancy
Viktorin, A., Uher, R., Reichenberg, A., Levine, S. Z., & Sandin, S. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717001301 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Lebin, L. G., & Novick, A. M. (2022) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-022-01372-x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Hagberg, K. W., Robijn, A. L., & Jick, S. S. (2018) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s180618 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Improving autism perinatal risk factors: A systematic review
Cheng, J. X., Eskenazi, B., Widjaja, F., Cordero, J. F., & Hendren, R. L. (2019) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2019.03.012 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Rommel, A., Bergink, V., Liu, X., Munk‐Olsen, T., & Molenaar, N. M. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.19r12965 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Sprowles, J. L. N., Wendel, J. R. H., Gutierrez, A., Bailey, R. A., Jablonski, S. A., Williams, M. T., & Vorhees, C. V. (2016) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.08.007 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Autism spectrum disorder: Trends in research exploring etiopathogenesis
Gyawali, S., & Patra, B. N. (2019) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12860 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Ornoy, A., & Koren, G. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20102370 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Barkoski, J. M., Busgang, S. A., Bixby, M., Bennett, D. H., Schmidt, R. J., Barr, D. B., Panuwet, P., Gennings, C., & Hertz‐Picciotto, I. (2019) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.108719 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationThe posterity of Zebrafish in paradigm of in vivo molecular toxicological profiling
Verma, S. K., Nandi, A., Sinha, A., Patel, P., Mohanty, S., Jha, E., Jena, S., Kumari, P., Ghosh, A., Jerman, I., et al. (2024) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116160 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Sujan, A. C., Öberg, A. S., Quinn, P. D., & D'Onofrio, B. M. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13004 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Lee, J., & Freeman, J. L. (2014) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics2030464 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Viktorin, A., Uher, R., Kolevzon, A., Reichenberg, A., Levine, S. Z., & Sandin, S. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.1727 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Kaplan, Y. C., Arslan, E. K., Acar, S., & Sözmen, K. (2017) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.13382 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Variations in Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children with Prenatal SSRI Antidepressant Exposure
Rotem‐Kohavi, N., & Oberlander, T. F. (2017) · Birth Defects Research · doi:10.1002/bdr2.1076 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Leshem, R., Bar‐Oz, B., Diav‐Citrin, O., Gbaly, S., Soliman, J., Renoux, C., & Matok, I. (2021) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x19666210303121059 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Ayano, G., Maravilla, J. C., & Alati, R. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.01.038 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Autism spectrum disorders: let’s talk about glucose?
Hoirisch-Clapauch, S., & Nardi, A. E. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0370-4 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Muzik, M., & Hamilton, S. E. (2016) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-016-2038-5 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Horackova, H., Karahoda, R., Červený, L., Váchalová, V., Ebner, R., Abad, C., & Štaud, F. (2021) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13081306 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Sciara, A., Beasley, B., Crawford, J. D., Anderson, E. P., Carrasco, T., Zheng, S., Ordway, G. A., & Chandley, M. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2284 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Hjorth, S., Bromley, R., Ystrøm, E., Lupattelli, A., Spigset, O., & Nordeng, H. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219778 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Marroun, H. E., White, T. J. H., Fernández, G., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Verhulst, F. C., Stricker, B. H. C., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116665335 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Gemmel, M., Lacalle, S. D., Mort, S. C., Hill, L. A., Charlier, T. D., & Pawluski, J. L. (2018) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.10.009 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Ames, J. L., Ladd-Acosta, C., Fallin, M. D., Qian, Y., Schieve, L. A., DiGuiseppi, C., Lee, L.-C., Kasten, E. P., Zhou, G., Pinto-Martin, J., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.04.002 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationPreschool Outcomes Following Prenatal Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Exposure
Johnson, K. C., Smith, A. K., Stowe, Z. N., Newport, D. J., & Brennan, P. A. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.14m09348 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Perinatal reduction of functional serotonin transporters results in developmental delay
Kroeze, Y., Dirven, B. C. J., Janssen, S., Kröhnke, M., Barte, R. M., Middelman, A., van Bokhoven, H., Zhou, H., & Homberg, J. R. (2016) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.05.012 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Zhou, X., Li, Y., Ou, J.-J., & Li, Y. (2018) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0207-7 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Controversies About the Use of Antidepressants in Pregnancy
Robinson, G. E. (2015) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000256 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for depression in pregnancy
Susser, L. C., Sansone, S. A., & Hermann, A. D. (2016) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.07.011 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Sprowles, J. L. N., Wendel, J. R. H., Gutierrez, A., Bailey, R. A., Jablonski, S. A., Williams, M. T., & Vorhees, C. V. (2017) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.06.004 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Adjimann, T. S., Argañaraz, C., & Soiza‐Reilly, M. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01388-6 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Podrebarac, S. K., Duerden, E. G., Chau, V., GRUNAU, R. E., Synnes, A. R., Oberlander, T. F., & Miller, S. P. (2016) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.025 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Halvorsen, A., Hesel, B., Østergaard, S. D., & Danielsen, A. A. (2019) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13030 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Prenatal Antidepressant Exposure and Child Motor Development: A Meta-analysis
Grove, K., Lewis, A. J., & Galbally, M. (2018) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2018-0356 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Memantine rescues prenatal citalopram exposure-induced striatal and social abnormalities in mice
Zahra, A., Jiang, J., Chen, Y., Long, C., & Yang, L. (2018) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.06.003 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Vega, M. L., Newport, G. C., Bozhdaraj, D., Saltz, S. B., Nemeroff, C. B., & Newport, D. J. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.18070766 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Exercise and yoga during pregnancy and their impact on depression: a systematic literature review
Jarbou, N. S., & Newell, K. A. (2022) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-021-01189-2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Araújo, J. N. D. M., Delgado, I. F., & Paumgartten, F. J. R. (2020) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00026619 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ram, S., Howland, M. A., Sandman, C. A., Davis, E. P., & Glynn, L. M. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618811079 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Zhou, X., Lu, J. Y.-F., Darling, R. D., Simpson, K. L., Zhu, X., Wang, F., Yu, L., Sun, X., Merzenich, M. M., & Lin, R. C. S. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1416582111 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Damkier, P., Pottegård, A., Christensen, R. D., & Hallas, J. (2014) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/bcpt.12322 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Is there sexual dimorphism of hyperserotonemia in autism spectrum disorder?
Shuffrey, L. C., Guter, S. J., Delaney, S., Jacob, S., Anderson, G. M., Sutcliffe, J. S., Cook, E. H., & Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. M. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1791 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Healy, D., Noury, J. C. L., & Mangin, D. A. (2016) · International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine · doi:10.3233/jrs-160726 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Meyer, L. R., Dexter, B. C., Lo, C., Kenkel, E. J., Hirai, T., Roghair, R. D., & Haskell, S. E. (2017) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2017.1317342 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Bond, C. M., Johnson, J. C., Chaudhary, V., McCarthy, E. M., McWhorter, M. L., & Woehrle, N. S. (2019) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2019.06.001 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The microbiome as a modulator of neurological health across the maternal-offspring interface
Orchanian, S. B., & Hsiao, E. Y. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci184314 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bastaki, K., Alwan, S. S., & Zahir, F. (2020) · Advances in neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30402-7_5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Yarger, H. A., & Redcay, E. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942000084x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Jajoo, A. N., Donlon, C., Shnayder, S., Levin, M. G., & McVey, M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61362-y · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Vuong, H. E., Coley, E. J. L., Kazantsev, M., Cooke, M. E., Rendon, T. K., Paramo, J., & Hsiao, E. Y. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113353 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Prenatal antidepressant exposure and sex differences in neonatal corpus callosum microstructure
Campbell, K. S. J., Williams, L. J., Björnson, B., Weik, E., Brain, U. M., GRUNAU, R. E., Miller, S. P., & Oberlander, T. F. (2021) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22125 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Tate, K. M., Kirk, B., Tseng, A., Ulffers, A. E., & Litwa, K. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms221910457 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Edwards, K. A., Madden, A. M. K., & Zup, S. L. (2018) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.07.020 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
In Utero Exposure to Citalopram Mitigates Maternal Stress Effects on Fetal Brain Development
Velasquez, J. C., Zhao, Q., Chan, Y., Galindo, L. C. M., Simasotchi, C., Wu, D., Hou, Z., Herod, S. M., Oberlander, T. F., Gil, S., et al. (2019) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00180 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Common Questions About the Pharmacologic Management of Depression in Adults.
Kovich, H., & DeJong, A. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Wang, Z., Ho, P. W. H., Choy, M. T. H., Wong, I. C. K., Brauer, R., & Man, K. K. C. (2018) · Drug Safety · doi:10.1007/s40264-018-0755-y · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Gartstein, M. A., Hookenson, K., Brain, U. M., Devlin, A. M., GRUNAU, R. E., & Oberlander, T. F. (2016) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21414 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Neurobehavioral risks of SSRIs in pregnancy: Comparing human and animal data
Ornoy, A. (2017) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.05.003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Richendrfer, H. A., & Créton, R. (2017) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2017.10.009 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Maternal Pharmacokinetics and Fetal Disposition of (±)-Citalopram during Mouse Pregnancy
Velasquez, J. C., Goeden, N., Herod, S. M., & Bonnin, A. (2016) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00287 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
- Authors
- Harrington, R. A., Lee, L.-C., Crum, R. M., Zimmerman, A. W., & Hertz-Picciotto, I.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
- Department of Public Health Sciences and the MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
- ORCID
- Zimmerman, Andrew W.
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2014-05-01
- Volume
- 133
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e1241-e1248
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- PMC
- PMC4006441
- OpenAlex
- W2105930613
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 26.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Autism Speaks
- National Institutes of Health (ES11269)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES015359, P01ES011269)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pregnancy and Medication Impact
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- prenatal SSRI exposure, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, maternal mental health, maternal depression, first trimester exposure, third trimester exposure, sex differences, CHARGE study, maternal medication use
- MeSH terms
- California, Developmental Disabilities, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Drug Utilization, Female, Humans, Male, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, First, Pregnancy Trimester, Third, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Sex Factors, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
