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Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress in Police and Other First Responders
Open accessAbstract
We provide an overview of previous research conducted by our group on risk and resilience factors for PTSD symptoms in police and other first responders. Based on our work, the findings of other investigators on individual differences in risk for PTSD, and drawing on preclinical studies fear conditioning and extinction, we propose a conceptual model for the development of PTSD symptoms emphasizing the role of vulnerability and resilience to peritraumatic panic reactions. We tested this conceptual model in a cross-sectional sample of police officers (n = 715). Utilizing an hierarchical linear regression model we were able to explain 39.7% of the variance in PTSD symptoms. Five variables remained significant in the final model; greater peritraumatic distress (beta = 0.240, P < .001), greater peritraumatic dissociation (beta = 0.174, P < .001), greater problem-solving coping (beta = 0.103, P < .01), greater routine work environment stress (beta = 0.182, P < .001), and lower levels of social support (beta = -0.246, P < .001). These results were largely consistent with the proposed conceptual model. Next steps in this line of research will be to test this model prospectively in a sample of 400 police academy recruits assessed during training and currently being followed for the first 2 years of police service.
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“For example, irregular working hours, overtime, and rotating shifts alter circadian rhythms, which can lead to sleep disruptions [32] and increased PTSD vulnerability [44].”
From Canadian Public Safety Personnel and Occupational Stressors: How PSP Interpret Stressors on Duty (2020) · cites this paper as [44]
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“municipal/provincial police may have more access to structural and social supports from consistent urban deployment, whereas RCMP relocate frequently and often to rural areas, which would have less access to such supports.53,54”
From Mental Disorder Symptoms among Public Safety Personnel in Canada (2018) · cites this paper as [53]
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Citations
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“For example, municipal/provincial police may have more access to structural and social supports from consistent urban deployment, whereas RCMP relocate frequently and often to rural areas, which would have less access to such supports.(53,54) Municipal police are more likely to be deployed in pairs, whereas RCMP are m…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- MARMAR, C. R., McCASLIN, S. E., METZLER, T. J., BEST, S., WEISS, D. S., FAGAN, J., LIBERMAN, A., POLE, N., OTTE, C., YEHUDA, R., MOHR, D., & NEYLAN, T.
- Affiliations
- San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- National Institute of Justice (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- MARMAR, CHARLES R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-07
- Volume
- 1071
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-18
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- OpenAlex
- W2098360939
- Cited by
- 409
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 2.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH56350, R01MH056350)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Performance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, police officers, first responders, peritraumatic dissociation, peritraumatic distress, resilience, fear conditioning, fear extinction, social support, coping, PTSD risk factors, conceptual model
- MeSH terms
- Data Collection, Disasters, Humans, Individuality, Models, Psychological, Predictive Value of Tests, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Police
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