Full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder: findings from a community survey

Murray B. Stein; John R. Walker; Andrea L. Hazen; David R. Forde

doi:10.1176/ajp.154.8.1114

Cited by 1,013Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchChild Abuse and TraumaMigration, Health and Trauma

Full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder: findings from a community survey

Murray B. Stein, John R. Walker, Andrea L. Hazen, David R. Forde·1997·American Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1176/ajp.154.8.1114

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following trauma exposure were examined in a community sample in order to determine their prevalence and their relative importance and functional significance. METHOD: A standardized telephone interview with a series of trauma probes and a DSM-IV PTSD checklist was administered to a random sample of 1,002 persons in a midsized Midwestern Canadian city. The authors determined current (i.e., 1-months) prevalence rates of full PTSD, i.e., all DSM-IV criteria, and partial PTSD, i.e., fewer than the required number of DSM-IV criterion C symptoms (avoidance/numbing) or criterion D symptoms (increased arousal). Additional questions about interference with functioning were also posed. RESULTS: The estimated prevalence of full PTSD was 2.7% for women and 1.2% for men. The prevalence of partial PTSD was 3.4% for women and 0.3% for men. Interference with work or school was significantly more pronounced in persons with full PTSD than in those with only partial symptoms, although the latter were significantly more occupationally impaired than traumatized persons without PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: These findings in an epidemiologic sample underscore observations from patient and military groups that many traumatized persons suffer from a subsyndromal form of PTSD. These persons with partial PTSD, although somewhat less impaired than persons with the full syndrome, nonetheless exhibit clinically meaningful levels of functional impairment in association with their symptoms. This subthreshold form of PTSD may be especially prevalent in women. Additional study of partial PTSD is warranted.

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Predicting Posttraumatic Stress After Hospitalization for Pediatric Injury
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Does "subthreshold" posttraumatic stress disorder have any clinical relevance?
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Subthreshold Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys
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“This result is broadly consistent with previous studies (3,4,7,25,42).”
Result
Neuropsychological function in female victims of intimate partner violence with and without posttraumatic stress disorder
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Self-citation
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Gender Differences in Long-Term Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Outcomes after Major Trauma: Women Are At Higher Risk of Adverse Outcomes than Men
Holbrook, T. L., Hoyt, D. B., Stein, M. B., & Sieber, W. J. (2002) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/00005373-200211000-00012 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Self-citation
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The differential association of intimate partner physical, sexual, psychological, and stalking violence and posttraumatic stress symptoms in a nationally representative sample of women
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Social Phobia Symptoms, Subtypes, and Severity: Findings From a Community Survey
Stein, M. B., Torgrud, L. J., & Walker, J. R. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.11.1046 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Self-citation
A PILOT STUDY OF GROUP MINDFULNESS-BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY (MBCT) FOR COMBAT VETERANS WITH POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD): Research Article: Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Combat PTSD
King, A. P., Erickson, T. M., Giardino, N. D., Favorite, T., Rauch, S. A. M., Robinson, E., Kulkarni, M., & Liberzon, I. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22104 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Noradrenergic and serotonergic mechanisms in the neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder and resilience
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Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress symptoms in urban African schools
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Enduring Mental Health Morbidity and Social Function Impairment in World Trade Center Rescue, Recovery, and Cleanup Workers: The Psychological Dimension of an Environmental Health Disaster
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Incidence and Prediction of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Severely Injured Accident Victims
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Risk for post-traumatic stress disorder associated with different forms of interpersonal violence in South Africa
Kaminer, D., Grimsrud, A., Myer, L., Stein, D. J., & Williams, D. R. (2008) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.07.023 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Gender differences in the sensitivity to posttraumatic stress disorder: An epidemiological study of urban young adults.
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Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Prisoners
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Trauma Resilience Training for Police: Psychophysiological and Performance Effects
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Maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms and infant emotional reactivity and emotion regulation
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What parts of PTSD are normal: Intrusion, avoidance, or arousal? Data from the Northridge, California, earthquake
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Perceived Threat to Life Predicts Posttraumatic Stress Disorder after Major Trauma: Risk Factors and Functional Outcome
Holbrook, T. L., Hoyt, D. B., Stein, M. B., & Sieber, W. J. (2001) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/00005373-200108000-00010 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citation
Interpersonal trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with severe mental illness: Demographic, clinical, and health correlates.
Mueser, K. T., Salyers, M. P., Rosenberg, S. D., Goodman, L. A., Essock, S. M., Osher, F. C., Swartz, M. S., Butterfield, M. I., & 5 Site Health and Risk Study Research Committee (2004) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007067 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Influence of the serotonin transporter promoter gene polymorphism on susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder
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Screening for post-traumatic stress disorder in female Veteran’s Affairs patients: validation of the PTSD checklist
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Intelligence and Other Predisposing Factors in Exposure to Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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Stress Response Syndromes and Cancer: Conceptual and Assessment Issues
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A National Longitudinal Study of the Psychological Consequences of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks: Reactions, Impairment, and Help-Seeking
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Secondary Traumatization in Partners and Parents of Dutch Peacekeeping Soldiers.
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Validation of the PTSD checklist in an HMO sample of women
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Employment Outcomes and PTSD Symptom Severity
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Intimate partner violence and sexual coercion among pregnant women in India: Relationship with depression and post-traumatic stress disorder
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Authors: Stein, M. B., Walker, J. R., Hazen, A. L., & Forde, D. R.
Affiliations: University of California San Diego (US)
ORCID: Murray B. Stein
John R. Walker
Andrea L. Hazen
Venue: American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published: 1997-08-01
Volume: 154
Issue: 8
Pages: 1114-1119
ISSN: 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
1535-7228
DOI: 10.1176/ajp.154.8.1114
OpenAlex: W1919106491
Cited by: 1,013
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 57
FWCI: 16.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, subthreshold PTSD, PTSD prevalence, functional disability, occupational impairment, sex differences, trauma exposure, community sample
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Crime, Educational Status, Employment, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Income, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Rape, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Telephone, Violence, Prevalence, Confidence Intervals, Odds Ratio, Domestic Violence

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Full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder: findings from a community survey

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