Peritraumatic and trait dissociation differentiate police officers with resilient versus symptomatic trajectories of posttraumatic stress symptoms
Open accessAbstract
Research has consistently demonstrated that stress reactions to potentially traumatic events do not represent a unified phenomenon. Instead, individuals tend to cluster into prototypical response patterns over time including chronic symptoms, recovery, and resilience. We examined heterogeneity in a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom course in a sample of 178 active-duty police officers following exposure to a life-threatening event using latent growth mixture modeling (LGMM). This analysis revealed 3 discrete PTSD symptom trajectories: resilient (88%), distressed-improving (10%), and distressed-worsening (2%). We further examined whether trait and peritraumatic dissociation distinguished these symptom trajectories. Findings indicate that trait and peritraumatic dissociation differentiated the resilient from the distressed-improving trajectory (trait, p < .05; peritraumatic, p < .001), but only peritraumatic dissociation differentiated the resilient from the distressed-worsening trajectory (p < .001). It is essential to explore heterogeneity in symptom course and its predictors among active-duty police officers, a repeatedly exposed group. These findings suggest that police officers may be a highly resilient group overall. Furthermore, though there is abundant evidence that dissociation has a positive linear relationship with PTSD symptoms, this study demonstrates that degree of dissociation can distinguish between resilient and symptomatic groups of individuals.
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Persons working in public safety tend to experience PPTEs at much higher frequencies than the general public.
“That is, persons working in public safety tend to experience PPTEs at much higher frequencies than the general public [3,4,5].”
From Assessing the Relative Impact of Diverse Stressors among Public Safety Personnel (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
The Abstract says police officers are routinely exposed to high rates of potentially traumatic events, and the Discussion says active-duty officers are regularly exposed to life-threatening events. The paper does not establish that public-safety workers generally experience these events at much higher frequencies than the general public; it studies police officers and provides no general-public comparison. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCanadian public safety personnel are regularly exposed to potentially traumatic events as a function of their work.
“Regular exposure to potentially traumatic events such as exposure to threatened or actual physical assaults, fires, or explosions2 is expected for PSP employment.3,4”
From Mental Disorder Symptoms among Public Safety Personnel in Canada (2018) · cites this paper as [3]
The Abstract and Discussion say police officers are routinely exposed to potentially traumatic events in the line of duty. The paper studies officers from four U.S. police departments (Method: Participants and Procedure); it does not establish regular exposure for Canadian public safety personnel across occupations. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe observed results may be explained by PSP being more frequently exposed to potentially traumatic events in their work.
“The observed results may be explained by PSP being more frequently exposed to potentially traumatic events in their work1,3,4”
From Mental Disorder Symptoms among Public Safety Personnel in Canada (2018) · cites this paper as [3]
The Abstract says police officers are routinely exposed to high rates of potentially traumatic events in the line of duty, and the Discussion says active-duty officers are regularly exposed to such events. The paper studies police officers, however, and cautions against extending its findings to other populations; it does not establish the claim for PSP as a whole or specify who they are exposed more frequently than. No page numbers were supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPSP frequently experience or witness potentially traumatic events such as motor vehicle collisions and acts of violence.
“Through their work, PSP frequently experience or witness potentially traumatic events such as motor vehicle collisions and acts of violence [2-4].”
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
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“Regular exposure to potentially traumatic events such as exposure to threatened or actual physical assaults, fires, or explosions(2) is expected for PSP employment.(3,4) Such exposures have been associated with increased risk for the development of mental disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),(2) m…”
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- Authors
- Galatzer‐Levy, I. R., Madan, A., Neylan, T. C., Henn‐Haase, C., & Marmar, C. R.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Galatzer‐Levy, Isaac R.
- Venue
- Journal of Traumatic Stress
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-09-06
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 557-565
- ISSN
- 0894-9867 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6598
- PMC
- PMC3974926
- OpenAlex
- W2144116148
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 7.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Traumatic Stress (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH056350)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD symptom trajectories, peritraumatic dissociation, trait dissociation, resilience, police officers, occupational injuries, life-threatening conditions
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Personality, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Urban Population, Models, Statistical, Police, Resilience, Psychological, Checklist
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