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Tweedie’s Formula and Selection Bias

Open access
Efron, Bradley·2011·Journal of the American Statistical Association

Abstract

We suppose that the statistician observes some large number of estimates z(i), each with its own unobserved expectation parameter μ(i). The largest few of the z(i)'s are likely to substantially overestimate their corresponding μ(i)'s, this being an example of selection bias, or regression to the mean. Tweedie's formula, first reported by Robbins in 1956, offers a simple empirical Bayes approach for correcting selection bias. This paper investigates its merits and limitations. In addition to the methodology, Tweedie's formula raises more general questions concerning empirical Bayes theory, discussed here as "relevance" and "empirical Bayes information." There is a close connection between applications of the formula and James-Stein estimation.

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Metadata

Authors
Efron, B.
Venue
Journal of the American Statistical Association
Published
2011-12
Volume
106
Issue
496
Pages
1602-1614
ISSN
  • 0162-1459 (ISSN-L)
  • 1537-274X
OpenAlex
W2015810892
Cited by
408
References
24
FWCI
5.29
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Tweedie’s Formula and Selection Bias. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1198/jasa.2011.tm11181
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Efron, B. (2011). Tweedie’s Formula and Selection Bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association. https://doi.org/10.1198/jasa.2011.tm11181

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