Age-Dependent Changes in Health Status in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Cohort
Open accessAbstract
Purpose: To compare age-dependent changes in health status among childhood cancer survivors and a sibling cohort. Methods: Adult survivors of childhood cancer and siblings, all participants of the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, completed three surveys assessing health status. At each of three time points, participants were classified as having poor outcomes in general health, mental health, function, or daily activities if they indicated moderate to extreme impairment. Generalized linear mixed models were used to compare survivors with siblings for each outcome as a function of age and to identify host- and treatment-related factors associated with age-dependent worsening health status. Results: Adverse health status outcomes were more frequent among survivors than siblings, with evidence of a steeper trajectory of age-dependent change among female survivors with impairment in at least one health status domain (P = .01). In adjusted models, survivors were more likely than siblings to report poor general health (prevalence ratio [PR], 2.37; 95% CI, 2.09 to 2.68), adverse mental health (PR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.52 to 1.80), functional impairment (PR, 4.53; 95% CI, 3.91 to 5.24), activity limitations (PR, 2.38; 95% CI, 2.12 to 2.67), and an adverse health status outcome in any domain (PR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.97 to 2.23). Cancer treatment and health behaviors influence the magnitude of differences by age groups. Chronic conditions were associated with adverse health status outcomes across organ systems. Conclusion: The prevalence of poor health status is higher among survivors than siblings, increases rapidly with age, particularly among female participants, and is related to an increasing burden of chronic health conditions.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Compared to siblings, adolescents and young adults with cancer have poorer overall mental health and are twice as likely to report clinical levels of emotional distress.
“Compared to their siblings, adolescents and young adults with cancer have reported poorer overall mental health [5] and are twice as likely to report clinical levels of emotional distress [6-8].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Robust Locally Weighted Regression and Smoothing Scatterplots
Cleveland, W. S. (1979) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1979.10481038 · Cited by 11,594 · see citing works
Statistical Analysis with Missing Data
Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (2002) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/9781119013563 · Cited by 8,473 · see citing works
Longitudinal Data Analysis for Discrete and Continuous Outcomes
Zeger, S. L., & Liang, K. (1986) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531248 · Cited by 7,730 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Wittchen, H. (2012) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1359 · Cited by 2,947 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This observation may be explained from our use of a distress assessment based on symptoms over the past 7 days,(18) reflecting acute rather than chronic problems, or because mental health symptoms can wax and wane over time.(24) Even though the proportion of adult survivors with mental health impairment seems consiste…”
Dialysis Dose and Intradialytic Hypotension: Results from the HEMO Study
Causland, F. R. M., Brunelli, S. M., & Waikar, S. S. (2013) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000355958 · Cited by 2,705 · see citing works
Clinical Ascertainment of Health Outcomes Among Adults Treated for Childhood Cancer
Hudson, M. M., Ness, K. K., Gurney, J. G., Mulrooney, D. A., Chemaitilly, W., Krull, K. R., Green, D. M., Armstrong, G. T., Nottage, K. A., Jones, K., et al. (2013) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2013.6296 · Cited by 1,246 · see citing works
Self-citationSurvivors of childhood and adolescent cancer: life-long risks and responsibilities
Robison, L. L., & Hudson, M. M. (2013) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc3634 · Cited by 857 · see citing works
Self-citationHudson, M. M. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.12.1583 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Self-citationModifiable Risk Factors and Major Cardiac Events Among Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer
Armstrong, G. T., Oeffinger, K. C., Chen, Y., Kawashima, T. I., Yasui, Y., Leisenring, W. M., Stovall, M., Chow, E. J., Sklar, C. A., Mulrooney, D. A., et al. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2013.49.3205 · Cited by 737 · see citing works
Self-citationRobison, L. L., Mertens, A. C., Boice, J. D., Breslow, N. E., Donaldson, S. S., Green, D. M., Li, F. P., Meadows, A. T., Mulvihill, J. J., Neglia, J. P., et al. (2002) · Medical and Pediatric Oncology · doi:10.1002/mpo.1316 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Self-citationRobison, L. L., Armstrong, G. T., Boice, J. D., Chow, E. J., Davies, S. M., Donaldson, S. S., Green, D. M., Hammond, S., Meadows, A. T., Mertens, A. C., et al. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2009.22.3339 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
Self-citationCancer incidence after retinoblastoma. Radiation dose and sarcoma risk
Wong, F. L. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.278.15.1262 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Cancer Incidence After Retinoblastoma
Wong, F. L. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550150066037 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Extended Follow-up of Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Pui, C., Cheng, C., Leung, W. H., Rai, S. N., Rivera, G. K., Sandlund, J. T., Ribeiro, R. C., Relling, M. V., Kun, L. E., Evans, W. E., et al. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa035091 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Self-citationNathan, P. C., Greenberg, M., Ness, K. K., Hudson, M. M., Mertens, A. C., Mahoney, M. C., Gurney, J. G., Donaldson, S. S., Leisenring, W. M., Robison, L. L., et al. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2008.16.9607 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh incidence of secondary brain tumours after radiotherapy and antimetabolites
Relling, M. V., Rubnitz, J. E., Rivera, G. K., Boyett, J. M., Hancock, M. L., Felix, C. A., Kun, L. E., Walter, A. W., Evans, W. E., & Pui, C. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)11079-6 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Oeffinger, K. C. (2004) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.26 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Self-citationMalkin, D. M., Jolly, K. W., Barbier, N., Look, A. T., Friend, S. H., Gebhardt, M. C., Andersen, T. I., Børresen‐Dale, A., Li, F. P., Garber, J. E., et al. (1992) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199205143262002 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Oeffinger, K. C., & Hudson, M. M. (2004) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/canjclin.54.4.208 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Self-citationKrull, K. R., Brinkman, T. M., Li, C., Armstrong, G. T., Ness, K. K., Srivastava, D. K., Gurney, J. G., Kimberg, C., Krasin, M. J., Pui, C., et al. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2012.48.2315 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Self-citationNess, K. K., Krull, K. R., Jones, K., Mulrooney, D. A., Armstrong, G. T., Green, D. M., Chemaitilly, W., Smith, W. A., Wilson, C. L., Sklar, C. A., et al. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2013.52.2268 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Self-citationGarmey, E. G., Liu, Q., Sklar, C. A., Meacham, L. R., Mertens, A. C., Stovall, M. A., Yasui, Y., Robison, L. L., & Oeffinger, K. C. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2008.16.3527 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Self-citationFlorin, T. A., Fryer, G. E., Miyoshi, T., Weitzman, M. L., Mertens, A. C., Hudson, M. M., Sklar, C. A., Emmons, K. M., Hinkle, A. S., Whitton, J. A., et al. (2007) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0048 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Self-citationBody mass index in long‐term adult survivors of childhood cancer
Meacham, L. R., Gurney, J. G., Mertens, A. C., Ness, K. K., Sklar, C. A., Robison, L. L., & Oeffinger, K. C. (2005) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.20960 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Self-citationObesity and hypertension among children after treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Chow, E. J., Pihoker, C., Hunt, K., et al. (2007) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.23050 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Emmons, K. M. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.20.6.1608 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Pharmacogenetic Risk Factors for Osteonecrosis of the Hip Among Children With Leukemia
Relling, M. V., Yang, W., Das, S., Cook, E. H., Rosner, G. L., Neel, M. D., Howard, S. C., Ribeiro, R. C., Sandlund, J. T., Pui, C., et al. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2004.11.020 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Long-Term Health Status Among Survivors of Childhood Cancer: Does Sex Matter?
Armstrong, G. T., Sklar, C. A., Hudson, M. M., & Robison, L. L. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2007.11.2003 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationGurney, J. G., Ness, K. K., Stovall, M., Wolden, S. L., Punyko, J. A., Neglia, J. P., Mertens, A. C., Packer, R. J., Robison, L. L., & Sklar, C. A. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030784 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationUnemployment Among Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer
Kirchhoff, A. C., Leisenring, W. M., Krull, K. R., Ness, K. K., Friedman, D. L., Armstrong, G. T., Stovall, M. A., Park, E. R., Oeffinger, K. C., Hudson, M. M., et al. (2010) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e3181eaf880 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationKirchhoff, A. C., Lyles, C. R., Fluchel, M. N., Wright, J. A., & Leisenring, W. M. (2012) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.27537 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationLongitudinal patterns of psychological distress in adult survivors of childhood cancer
Brinkman, T. M., Zhu, L., Zeltzer, L. K., Recklitis, C. J., Kimberg, C., Zhang, N., Muriel, A. C., Stovall, M., Srivastava, D. K., Robison, L. L., et al. (2013) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2013.428 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationHudson, M. M., Neglia, J. P., Woods, W. G., et al. (2011) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.23385 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationDiet and Physical Activity in Childhood Cancer Survivors: A Review of the Literature
Stolley, M. R., Restrepo, J., & Sharp, L. K. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9192-6 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Risky Health Behavior Among Adolescents in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study Cohort
Klosky, J. L., Howell, C. R., Li, Z., Foster, R. H., Mertens, A. C., Robison, L. L., & Ness, K. K. (2012) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jss046 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationEpidemiology of leukemia in children with Down syndrome
Ross, J. A., Spector, L. G., Robison, L. L., et al. (2004) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.20165 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationObesity in Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Lymphoma
Razzouk, B. I., Rose, S. R., Hongeng, S., et al. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2006.07.8709 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Emmons, K. M., Li, F. P., Whitton, J. A., et al. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2002.20.6.1608 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Rogers, P. C., Meacham, L. R., Oeffinger, K. C., Henry, D. W., & Lange, B. J. (2005) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.20451 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationWithycombe, J. S., Post‐White, J., Meza, J. L., Hawks, R. G., Smith, L. M., Sacks, N., & Seibel, N. L. (2009) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.22237 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Lifestyle behaviours of young adult survivors of childhood cancer
Larcombe, I., Mott, M. G., & Hunt, L. P. (2002) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600632 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Smoking in Adult Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Tao, M. L., Zeltzer Lonnie, K., Julianne, B., et al. (1998) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/90.3.219 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Emmons, K. M., Butterfield, R. M., Puleo, E., Park, E. R., Mertens, A. C., Gritz, E. R., Lahti, M., & Li, F. P. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2003.06.130 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationCastellino, S. M., Casillas, J., Hudson, M. M., Mertens, A. C., Whitton, J. A., Brooks, S. L., Zeltzer, L. K., Ablin, A. R., Castleberry, R. P., Hobbie, W. L., et al. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2005.11.098 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationGreen, D. M., Cox, C. L., Zhu, L., Krull, K. R., Srivastava, D. K., Stovall, M., Nolan, V. G., Ness, K. K., Donaldson, S. S., Oeffinger, K. C., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2010.34.4267 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationGreen, D. M., Kun, L. E., Matthay, K. K., Meadows, A. T., Meyer, W. H., Meyers, P. A., Spunt, S. L., Robison, L. L., & Hudson, M. M. (2013) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.24487 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationBuchbinder, D. K., Casillas, J., Krull, K. R., Goodman, P., Leisenring, W. M., Recklitis, C. J., Alderfer, M. A., Robison, L. L., Armstrong, G. T., Kunin‐Batson, A., et al. (2010) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1848 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationCurrent perspectives and emerging issues on cancer rehabilitation
Stubblefield, M. D., Hubbard, G., Cheville, A. L., Koch, U., Schmitz, K. H., & Dalton, S. O. (2013) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.28059 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Inaba, H., Yang, J., Kaste, S. C., Hartford, C. M., Motosue, M. S., Chemaitilly, W., Triplett, B. M., Shook, D. R., Pui, C., & Leung, W. H. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2011.40.0457 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Multiple risk behaviors among smokers in the childhood cancer survivors study cohort
Butterfield, R. M., Park, E. R., Puleo, E., Mertens, A. C., Gritz, E. R., Li, F. P., & Emmons, K. M. (2003) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.764 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationHealth‐risk behaviours among adolescent survivors of childhood cancer
Bauld, C. M., Toumbourou, J. W., Anderson, V. A., Coffey, C., & Olsson, C. A. (2005) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.20421 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Tylavsky, F. A., Smith, K., Surprise, H., Garland, S., Yan, X., McCammon, E., Hudson, M. M., Pui, C., & Kaste, S. C. (2010) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.22737 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationFrobisher, C., Winter, D., Lancashire, E. R., et al. (2008) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djn210 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Casillas, J., Castellino, S. M., Hudson, M. M., Mertens, A. C., Lima, I. S. F., Liu, Q., Zeltzer, L. K., Yasui, Y., Robison, L. L., & Oeffinger, K. C. (2010) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.25688 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationPark, E. R., Kirchhoff, A. C., Zallen, J. P., Weissman, J. S., Pajolek, H., Mertens, A. C., Armstrong, G. T., Robison, L. L., Donelan, K., Recklitis, C. J., et al. (2012) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-012-0225-y · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationReview of health behaviors and their correlates among young adult cancer survivors
Rabin, C. (2010) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-010-9285-5 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Vincristine neurotoxicity in the presence of hereditary neuropathy
Trobaugh‐Lotrario, A. D., Smith, A., & Odom, L. F. (2002) · Medical and Pediatric Oncology · doi:10.1002/mpo.10105 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Kahalley, L. S., Robinson, L. A., Tyc, V. L., Hudson, M. M., Leisenring, W. M., Stratton, K. L., Mertens, A. C., Zeltzer, L. K., Robison, L. L., & Hinds, P. S. (2011) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.23139 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationAlcohol consumption and binge drinking in young adult childhood cancer survivors
Rebholz, C. E., Kuehni, C. E., Strippoli, M. F., Rueegg, C. S., Michel, G., Hengartner, H., Bergsträßer, E., von der Weid, N., & for the Swiss Pediatric Oncology Group (SPOG) (2011) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.23289 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Carswell, K., Chen, Y., Nair, R. C., et al. (2008) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.21568 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Burden of illness in adult survivors of childhood cancers
Dowling, E. C., Yabroff, K. R., Mariotto, A. B., McNeel, T. S., Zeruto, C. A., & Buckman, D. W. (2010) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.25141 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Kirchhoff, A. C., Kuhlthau, K. A., Pajolek, H., Leisenring, W. M., Armstrong, G. T., Robison, L. L., & Park, E. R. (2012) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-012-1523-7 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationTobacco Use in Adult Long-term Survivors of Retinoblastoma
Foster, M. C., Kleinerman, R. A., Abramson, D. H., et al. (2006) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0783 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Malkin, D. M., Friend, S. H., Li, F. P., et al. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199703063361018 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Hoboken, NJ, Wiley, 2002
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Greer, S., Ramo, D., Chang, Y.-J., Fu, M., Moskowitz, J., & Haritatos, J. (2019) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/15018 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Biology of premature ageing in survivors of cancer
Cupit-Link, M. C., Kirkland, J. L., Ness, K. K., Armstrong, G. T., Tchkonia, T., LeBrasseur, N. K., Armenian, S. H., Ruddy, K. J., & Hashmi, S. K. (2017) · ESMO Open · doi:10.1136/esmoopen-2017-000250 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Self-citationLong, K. A., Lehmann, V., Gerhardt, C. A., Carpenter, A. L., Marsland, A. L., & Alderfer, M. A. (2018) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4669 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Digital interventions to support adolescents and young adults with cancer: systematic review
McCann, L., McMillan, K. A., & Pugh, G. (2019) · JMIR Cancer · doi:10.2196/12071 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Baenziger, J., Roser, K., Mader, L., Harju, E., Ansari, M., Waespe, N., Scheinemann, K., & Michel, G. (2020) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology Research & Practice · doi:10.1097/or9.0000000000000024 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hudson, M. M., Oeffinger, K. C., Jones, K., Brinkman, T. M., Krull, K. R., Mulrooney, D. A., Mertens, A., Castellino, S. M., Casillas, J., Gurney, J. G., Nathan, P. C., Leisenring, W., Robison, L. L., & Ness, K. K.
- Affiliations
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Oncology
- Published
- 2015-02-10
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 479-491
- ISSN
- 0732-183X (ISSN-L)
- 1527-7755
- PMC
- PMC4314595
- OpenAlex
- W2114883995
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 9.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Oncology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities (CA 21765)
- National Cancer Institute (CA-55727, CA21765, P30CA021765, U24CA055727)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Childhood Cancer Survivors' Quality of Life
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Multiple and Secondary Primary Cancers
- Keywords
- childhood cancer survivors, health status, functional disability, activity limitation, mental health, chronic disease, cancer treatment effects, sex differences, sibling comparison, Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aging, Child, Child, Preschool, Chronic Disease, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Neoplasms, Risk Factors, United States, Cohort Studies, Survivors, Siblings, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
