The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Concept of Personal Initiative: An Overview of Validity Studies
Abstract
Construct validity of an interview measure of personal initiative (PI) is examined in two parts. The first part assembles the results from 11 samples, showing that PI is meaningfully related to a nomological network of variables, based on environmental supports; knowledge, skills, and cognitive abilities; personality variables and orientations; and behavior and performance, confirming our hypotheses. In the second part, the article presents a new analysis that looks at the influence of motivational parameters (control aspiration, self-efficacy, and change orientation) and cognitive ability on PI within a longitudinal study in East Germany.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Self-efficacy: The exercise of control
Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H., & Lightsey, R. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158 · Cited by 46,835
Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams
Edmondson, A. (1999) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2666999 · Cited by 12,026
Construct validity in psychological tests.
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0040957 · Cited by 11,195
What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications
Cortina, J. M. (1993) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98 · Cited by 8,810 · cited 2×
“This alpha is acceptable given the fact that the scale is based on only five items ( Cortina, 1993 ).”
BackgroundSchmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.124.2.262 · Cited by 4,180
Cited by
Making Things Happen: A Model of Proactive Motivation
Parker, S. K., Bindl, U. K., & Strauss, K. (2010) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206310363732 · Cited by 2,096
The dynamics of proactivity at work
Grant, A. M., & Ashford, S. J. (2008) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2008.04.002 · Cited by 2,057
Sonnentag, S. (2003) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.3.518 · Cited by 1,851
Job crafting: Towards a new model of individual job redesign
Tims, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2010) · SA Journal of Industrial Psychology · doi:10.4102/sajip.v36i2.841 · Cited by 1,502
Salanova, M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585190701763982 · Cited by 889
Metadata
- Authors
- Fay, D., & Frese, M.
- Venue
- Human Performance
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 97-124
- ISSN
- 0895-9285 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7043
- OpenAlex
- W2169841204
- Cited by
- 492
- References
- 5
- FWCI
- 10.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Concept of Personal Initiative: An Overview of Validity Studies. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1207/s15327043hup1401_06
- The paper
- Fay, D., & Frese, M. (2001). The Concept of Personal Initiative: An Overview of Validity Studies. Human Performance. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1401_06
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
