Toddlers' empathy-related responding to distress: Predictions from negative emotionality and maternal behavior in infancy
Abstract
This study focused on the predictive contributions of infants' temperamental negative emotionality (proneness to fear, anger), sex, maternal responsivity, and their interaction on toddlers' empathy‐related responding to distress in 3 contexts. Ninety‐eight infants and their mothers participated in a longitudinal study. When the infants were 10 months of age, mothers completed assessments of infant temperamental anger and fear, and maternal behaviors were observed in a free‐play setting. At 18 months of age, toddlers' empathy‐related responding to the distress of a stranger, a crying baby doll, and the mother was assessed. A series of hierarchical and logistic regressions were performed, and results indicated that infant fear predicted higher concerned awareness toward adults and higher personal distress reactions toward the mother. In addition, maternal responsivity predicted higher concerned attention and lower personal distress reactions toward the baby doll and mother. Findings also revealed several interaction effects to predict toddlers' empathy‐related responding to distress.
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Maternal responsivity at 10 months of age predicted higher concerned attention and lower personal distress reactions at 18 months.
“Maternal responsivity at 10 months of age predicted higher concerned attention and lower personal distress reactions at 18 months.”
From The evolved nest, oxytocin functioning, and prosocial development (2023) · cites this paper as Spinrad and Stifter (2006)
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- Authors
- Spinrad, T. L., & Stifter, C. A.
- ORCID
- Spinrad, Tracy L.
- Venue
- Infancy
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 97-121
- ISSN
- 1525-0008 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7078
- OpenAlex
- W2156198431
- Cited by
- 153
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Infancy (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- empathy, toddlers, negative affectivity, infant fear, maternal responsiveness, maternal behavior, personal distress, sex differences, infant temperament, mother-infant interaction
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