Effects of soy intake on sex hormone metabolism in premenopausal women
Abstract
Studies suggest that phytoestrogens in soy products may impart hormonal effects that protect women against breast cancer. Limited research suggests that intake of soy products high in isoflavonoid phytoestrogens affects sex hormone metabolism, but it is unknown whether phytoestrogens in soy have any effect on menstrual function or serum sex hormones in women on common hormone therapies, such as oral contraceptives (OC). We studied the effects of soy in 36 premenopausal women, 20 of whom used OC. Subjects consumed their normal diet for two menstrual cycles and added a soy beverage containing 20 g of protein and 38 mg of total isoflavones to their usual diet for another two menstrual cycles. No significant differences were observed in serum estrone, estradiol, sex hormone-binding globulin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, prolactin, or progesterone concentrations with soy feeding in the non-OC or the OC group. No changes in menstrual cycle length or the urinary estrogen metabolite ratio of 2-hydroxyestrone to 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone were seen with soy feeding in the non-OC or the OC group. Levels of urinary estrogen metabolites were significantly different between the non-OC and the OC group. Thus soy consumption had no significant effect on the menstrual cycle, serum sex hormones, or urinary estrogen metabolite ratio in premenopausal OC or non-OC users.
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Two of five RCTs assessing menstrual cycle length reported significant increases of 1.8 to 3.5 days in cycle length associated with soy consumption compared to control; remaining studies found no effects.
“Two of five studies assessing menstrual cycle length reported significant increases of between 1.8 to 3.5 days in cycle length associated with soy consumption compared to control subjects [149,150]; the remaining studies found no effects [147,156,158].”
From Soy, Red Clover, and Isoflavones and Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review (2013) · cites this paper as [156]
Of nine RCTs assessing impact of soy on estrogen metabolism via urinary metabolites, five reports of six studies found no significant change in 2-hydroxyestrone, 16α-hydroxyestrone, or 2:16α hydroxyestrone ratio compared to control.
“Of these, five reports of six studies found no significant change in 2-hydroxyestrone, 16α-hydroxyestrone, or 2:16α hydroxyestrone ratio compared to the control group (p>0.05 for all) [148,149,156,161,164].”
From Soy, Red Clover, and Isoflavones and Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review (2013) · cites this paper as [156]
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Soy, Red Clover, and Isoflavones and Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review
Fritz, H., Seely, D., Flower, G., Skidmore, B., Fernandes, R., Vadeboncoeur, S., Kennedy, D., Cooley, K., Wong, R., Sagar, S., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081968 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Oral contraceptive use and increased plasma concentration of C-reactive protein
Dreon, D. M., Slavin, J. L., & Phinney, S. D. (2003) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00425-9 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationPatisaul, H., & Whitten, P. (2004) · Endocrine Disruptors · doi:10.1201/9781420038866.ch5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Martini, M. C., Dancisak, B. B., Haggans, C. J., Thomas, W., & Slavin, J. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Venue
- Nutrition and Cancer
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1999-07
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 133-139
- ISSN
- 0163-5581 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7914
- OpenAlex
- W1976996737
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nutrition and Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Phytoestrogen effects and research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Keywords
- soy consumption, phytoestrogens, isoflavones, sex steroid metabolism, premenopausal women, oral contraceptives, menstrual cycle, urinary estrogen metabolites, estrone, estradiol, sex hormone-binding globulin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, prolactin, progesterone, breast cancer prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Estrogens, Non-Steroidal, Female, Humans, Isoflavones, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Glycine max, Linear Models, Premenopause, Cross-Over Studies, Plant Preparations, Phytoestrogens
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