The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
True-False Tests that Measure and Promote Structural Understanding
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Multiple true-false formats enable fine-grained measurement of students' factual and structural knowledge in higher education (Diekhoff 1984).”
From Generative AI and Learning Dynamics in Higher Education: A Longitudinal Empirical Study (2026) · cites this paper as Diekhoff 1984
Citations
Cites
A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing.
Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.82.6.407 · Cited by 8,141
Berge, Z. L. (1999) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/047134608x.w3353 · Cited by 869
Genzwein, F. (1980) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-8831-6_6 · Cited by 388
Methods for examining representations of A subject‐matter structure in a student's memory
Shavelson, R. J. (1974) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.3660110307 · Cited by 264
Shavelson, R. J. (1972) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0032652 · Cited by 244
Development and evaluation of a learning strategy training program.
Dansereau, D. F., Collins, K. W., McDonald, B. A., Holly, C. D., Garland, J. C., Diekhoff, G. M., & Evans, S. H. (1979) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.71.1.64 · Cited by 213
Self-citationCognitive and Affective Learning Strategies
Braun, I., Gurlitt, J., & Nückles, M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_292 · Cited by 148
Organization revealed by recall orders and confirmed by pauses
Reitman, J. S., & Rueter, H. H. (1980) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(80)90020-1 · Cited by 124
Mapping cognitive structure: A comparison of methods.
PREECE, P. E. (1976) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-0663.68.1.1 · Cited by 112
Some psychological aspects of subject-matter structure.
Johnson, P. E. (1967) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0024465 · Cited by 79
Testing through relationship judgments.
Diekhoff, G. M. (1983) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-0663.75.2.227 · Cited by 75
Self-citationOn the communication of concepts in science.
Johnson, P. E. (1969) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0026691 · Cited by 57
Fenker, R. M. (1975) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/bf00157069 · Cited by 43
Cognitive Maps as a Tool in Communicating Structural Knowledge.
Diekhoff, G. M., & Diekhoff, K. B. (1982) · Educational Technology archive · Cited by 35
Self-citationA Prose Learning Strategy Training Program Based on Network and Depth-of-Processing Models
Diekhoff, G. M., Brown, P., & Dansereau, D. F. (1982) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.1982.11011820 · Cited by 26
Self-citationDetermining the level of inquiry in teachers' questions
Ladd, G. T., & Andersen, H. O. (1970) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.3660070415 · Cited by 25
Multidimensional scaling of concept learning in an introductory course.
Wainer, H., & Kaye, K. (1974) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0036933 · Cited by 24
Willson, I. A. (1973) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.1973.10884520 · Cited by 23
Psychological reality of physical concepts
Johnson, P. E., Cox, D. L., & Curran, T. E. (1970) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03328799 · Cited by 20
A Systematic Instructional Design Strategy Derived from Information-Processing Theory.
Bell, M. E. (1981) · Educational Technology archive · Cited by 14
Cognitive Maps as a Way of Presenting the Dimensions of Comparison within the History of Psychology
Diekhoff, G. M. (1982) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15328023top0902_21 · Cited by 14
Self-citationConceptual Interrelationships Based on Learning in Introductory Psychology
Stanners, R. F., & Brown, L. T. (1982) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15328023top0902_2 · Cited by 6
Cited by
Generative AI and Learning Dynamics in Higher Education: A Longitudinal Empirical Study
Melanou, C., Beege, M., & Kimmig, M. (2026) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1002/jcal.70322 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Diekhoff, G. M.
- Affiliations
- Midwestern State University
- Venue
- Teaching of Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1984-04
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 99-101
- ISSN
- 0098-6283
- 1532-8023
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 22
- Language
- en
- Licence
- journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.