Dynamic Changes of Reproductive Hormones in Male Minipuberty: Temporal Dissociation of Leydig and Sertoli Cell Activity
Open accessAbstract
Context: The male hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is transiently active during the first months of life with surging serum concentrations of reproductive hormones. This period, termed minipuberty, appears to be essential for priming testicular function. Despite the central role for male reproductive function, longitudinal data on HPG axis activation in infancy is sparse. Objective: To explore the dynamics of HPG hormone activity in healthy male infants, to assess the association of HPG axis activity and testicular volume, and to establish reference curves for serum levels of reproductive hormones. Design: Prospective, longitudinal birth cohort (the COPENHAGEN Minipuberty Study, 2016-2018, 1-year follow-up). Setting: Population-based. Patients or Other Participants: Healthy, male, term, singleton newborns were followed from birth on with repeated clinical examinations including blood sampling during a 1-year follow-up. A total of 128 boys contributed to this study, while 119 participated in the postnatal follow-up. Main Outcome Measures: Serum reproductive hormone concentrations and testicular volume. Results: Reproductive hormone concentrations showed marked dynamics during the first 6 months of age. Gonadotropins, total testosterone, and insulin-like factor 3 peaked at around 1 month of age. Inhibin B, anti-Müllerian hormone, and testicular volume peaked at around 4 to 5 months. Correlations largely recapitulated typical HPG axis pathways but also differed significantly from adult men. Conclusions: We demonstrate a temporal dissociation of Leydig and Sertoli cell activity during male minipuberty and provide reference curves for reproductive hormones.
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Reference intervals covering the whole life span for all metabolites in the steroid hormone biosynthesis quantified by sensitive and robust analytical methods are sparse or not existing.
“Background: Reference intervals covering the whole life span for all the metabolites in the steroid hormone biosynthesis quantified by sensitive and robust analytical methods are sparse or not existing.”
Reference intervals have been published for nine adrenal steroids, testosterone, E2 and estrone in larger cohorts of infants.
“In accordance, reference intervals have been published for nine adrenal steroids, testosterone (T), E2 and estrone (E1) in larger cohorts of infants [17 -19]”
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- Authors
- Busch, A. S., Ljubicic, M. L., Upners, E. N., Fischer, M. B., Raket, L. L., Frederiksen, H., Albrethsen, J., Johannsen, T. H., Hagen, C. P., & Juul, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Corresponding author
- Busch, Alexander Siegfried
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2022-02-28
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1560-1568
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W4214524110
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 8
- FWCI
- 11.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- International Research and Research Training Centre for Male Reproduction and Child Health (1500321/1604357)
- Candy Foundation (2017-224, 2020-344)
- Absalon Foundation (F-23653-01)
- European Union’s Horizon 2020 (733032)
- Danish Environmental Protection Agency (MST-621-00012)
- Research council of Capital Region of Denmark (E-22717-11)
- Research council of Rigshospitalet (E-22717-12, E-22717-07, E-22717-08)
- Aase og Ejnar Danielsens Fond (10-001874)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Keywords
- hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, reproductive hormones, testicular volume, gonadotropins, testosterone, insulin-like factor 3, inhibin B, anti-Müllerian hormone, reference curves
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Gonadotropins, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Prospective Studies, Sertoli Cells, Testis, Testosterone
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