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The Regulation of Thyroid Function in Pregnancy: Pathways of Endocrine Adaptation from Physiology to Pathology
Abstract
I. Introduction II. The Regulation of Thyroid Function in Normal Pregnancy A. The thyroid hormone transport proteins B. The thyroid hormones 1. Total thyroid hormones 2. Free thyroid hormones 3. Peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones C. The serum levels of thyroglobulin (TG) D. The metabolism of iodine E. The hypothalamic-pituitary control of thyroid function and the role of hCG 1. Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPTA) 2. Regulation of serum TSH 3. Thyrotropic action of hCG F. A global view of thyroidal economy in pregnancy III. Pathological Alterations of Thyroidal Regulation Associated with Pregnancy A. IDD 1. Consequences of iodine deficiency during pregnancy 2. Assessment of increased thyroidal stimulation 3. Gestational goitrogenesis and its prevention by iodine supplementation 4. Consequences of iodine deficiency for the offspring B. Hypothyroidism and pregnancy 1. Fertility and pregnancy outcome in hypothyroid women 2. Thyroid hormone replacement in the hypothyroid pregnant woman 3. Subclin...
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“Serum TSH levels may be below the nonpregnant reference range in the first half of a normal-term pregnancy (435,436), and especially so in gestational weeks 9-13, during which a subset of pregnant women may develop a suppressed serum TSH (437-439).”
From 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis (2016) · cites this paper as [436]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Glinoer, D.
- Affiliations
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Glinoer, Daniel
- Venue
- Endocrine Reviews
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 1997-06-01
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 404-433
- ISSN
- 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7189
- OpenAlex
- W1987184305
- Cited by
- 1,364
- References
- 260
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 105 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 3.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- thyroid function in pregnancy, endocrine adaptation, thyroid hormone transport proteins, free thyroid hormones, thyroglobulin, iodine metabolism, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, thyroid-stimulating hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, iodine supplementation, hypothyroidism in pregnancy, thyroid hormone replacement, subclinical hypothyroidism, pregnancy outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Female, Hormones, Humans, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Iodine, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Thyroid Gland
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