The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Pulsatile Characteristics of Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Activity in Female Lewis and Fischer 344 Rats and Its Relationship to Differential Stress Responses*
Abstract
The dynamic patterns of basal and stimulated hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity of freely moving female Lewis and Fischer 344 rats were compared using an automated blood-sampling system. Both strains showed pulsatile corticosterone release throughout the 24 h cycle. Lewis rats showed clear circadian variation in both pulse frequency (8.4 +/- 0.4 pulses between 1700-2300 h vs. 5.3 +/- 0.8 pulses between 0500-1100 h; P < 0.05) and height (198 +/- 27 ng/ml between 1700-2300 h vs. 107 +/- 14 ng/ml between 0500-1100 h; P < 0.05). Fischer rats exhibited pulses of similar frequency and height to those in Lewis rats during the evening, but showed no circadian variation, resulting in higher mean daily corticosterone concentrations. Although both strains showed behavioral and HPA responses to white noise stress (10 min; 114 dB), Fischer rats showed much greater increases in total activity, grooming, and rearings, and two important differences in the corticosterone responses were observed. First, in Lewis rats a clear relationship existed between basal and stimulated HPA activities, in that a significant response was seen only when the stress coincided with the rising (secretory active) phase of a basal pulse. Noise stress coinciding with a falling (nonsecretory) phase elicited no significant response. In contrast, Fischer rats showed similar responses regardless of the underlying pulse phase. Second, after the peak response at 20 min (Lewis, 237 +/- 67 ng/ml; Fischer, 390 +/- 57 ng/ml), corticosterone levels fell rapidly in Lewis rats, but remained maximally elevated for 20 min in Fischer rats, resulting in a significantly greater integrated response. The corticosterone response to i.v. CRF was unaffected by pulse phase in both strains, suggesting that a suprapituitary mechanism mediates the phase-dependent response to stress in the Lewis strain. CRF-induced corticosterone levels rose more rapidly in Fischer rats, peaking at 10 min (473 +/- 95 ng/ml) compared with 30 min (390 +/- 75 ng/ml) in Lewis rats, suggesting greater pituitary sensitivity in this strain. Thus, differences in both central and pituitary control of the HPA axis contribute to the strain difference in stress responsiveness between female Lewis and Fischer rats.
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In the citing paper
“the timing of an incoming stressor, relative to the phase of an endogenous pulse of CORT, has been shown to govern the amplitude of the subsequent stress response as well as the timing of subsequent pulses [1,12].”
From Rapid intra-adrenal feedback regulation of glucocorticoid synthesis (2015) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“new experimental [9-15] and theoretical [16-27] results offer enough evidence to support the indispensable roles of ultradian oscillatory dynamics of HPA hormones levels for normal physiology.”
From Predictive modeling of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to acute and chronic stress (2011) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“the same acute stress (5 min white noise stress of 114 dB) applied either in the ascending (secreting) and interpulse phase or during the descending (non-secreting) phase of corticosterone ultradian rhythm evoked significant increase of corticosterone level only when it had been applied during the ascending [13-15] or interpulse [15] phase of ultradian basal corticosterone pulse.”
From Predictive modeling of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to acute and chronic stress (2011) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“there are several experimental observa -tions showing that acute stress induces different effects depending on the phase of the ultradian secretion pulse at which the stress has been induced [11, 13-15].”
From Predictive modeling of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to acute and chronic stress (2011) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“according to which the HPA axis response to stress depends on the ultradian phase (Fig. 2)”
From Predictive modeling of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to acute and chronic stress (2011) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“intravenous injection of specific dosage of CRH (2 μg) administered to rats during the rising or falling phase of the corticosterone ultradian oscillations failed to induce significant difference between the two rat groups [14].”
From Predictive modeling of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to acute and chronic stress (2011) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Numerical simulations (Figs. 2, 3) reproduced the empirically well established notion that the same stimulus applied at slightly different time points, may induce different, even opposite changes in cortisol levels in the same individual [13-15].”
From Predictive modeling of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to acute and chronic stress (2011) · cites this paper as [14]
Citations
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Algorithms for the study of episodic hormone secretion
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Sternberg, E. M., Young, W. S., Bernardini, R., Calogero, A. E., Chrousos, G. P., Gold, P. W., & Wilder, R. L. (1989) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.86.12.4771 · Cited by 568
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Self-citationGómez-Oliver, F., Lahmame, A., de Kloet, E. R., & Armario, A. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000126973 · Cited by 264
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Self-citationVeldhuis, J. D., Iranmanesh, A., Lizarralde, G., & Johnson, M. L. (1989) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1989.257.1.e6 · Cited by 224
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Windle, 1997, Modulation of pulsatile corticosterone release and acute-stress responsiveness during chronic stress in rats., Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 23, 234
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Neuroendocrinology of Stress: A Never Ending Story
Lightman, S. L. (2008) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01711.x · Cited by 3,588
Self-citationGlucocorticoids and the circadian clock
Dickmeis, T. (2009) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe-08-0415 · Cited by 494
“…of about 1–2 per hour (Weitzman et al. 1971, Holaday et al. 1977, Tapp et al. 1984, Jasper & Engeland 1991, Loudon et al. 1994, Sarnyai et al. 1995, Windle et al. 1998a,b), and their amplitude increases towards the end of the day period in nocturnal animals (Chrousos 1998, Windle et al. 1998a,b,…”
BackgroundMillspaugh, J. J., & Washburn, B. E. (2004) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.07.002 · Cited by 553
“In addition, the point sample provided by a blood measure might not be representative of long-term hormone levels due to the pulsatile secretion pattern of glucocorticoids in blood (Harper and Austad, 2000; Monfort et al., 1993; Windle et al., 1998).”
BackgroundDynamics of ACTH and Cortisol Secretion and Implications for Disease
Lightman, S. L., Birnie, M. T., & Conway-Campbell, B. L. (2020) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaa002 · Cited by 439
“This circadian and ultradian rhythm of adrenal glucocorticoid secretion has not only been recorded in man, but also in every other species tested so far, including rat (19–24) as shown in Fig.”
BackgroundSelf-citationJoëls, M., Sarabdjitsingh, R. A., & Karst, H. (2012) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.112.005892 · Cited by 445
Metadata
- Authors
- Windle, R. J., Wood, S. A., Lightman, S. L., & Ingram, C. D.
- Affiliations
- Bristol Royal Infirmary (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Windle, R. J.
- Venue
- Endocrinology
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 1998-10-01
- Volume
- 139
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 4044-4052
- ISSN
- 0013-7227 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7170
- OpenAlex
- W1987343103
- Cited by
- 201
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 2.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, circadian variation, corticotropin-releasing factor, strain differences, Lewis rats, F344 rats, female rats, behavioral stress response, automated blood sampling
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Corticosterone, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Female, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Rats, Inbred F344, Rats, Inbred Lew, Species Specificity, Stress, Physiological, Rats
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Pulsatile Characteristics of Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Activity in Female Lewis and Fischer 344 Rats and Its Relationship to Differential Stress Responses*. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1210/endo.139.10.6238
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- Windle, R. J., Wood, S. A., Lightman, S. L., & Ingram, C. D. (1998). The Pulsatile Characteristics of Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Activity in Female Lewis and Fischer 344 Rats and Its Relationship to Differential Stress Responses*. Endocrinology. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.139.10.6238
