Glucocorticoids and the circadian clock
Open accessAbstract
Glucocorticoids, hormones produced by the adrenal gland cortex, perform numerous functions in body homeostasis and the response of the organism to external stressors. One striking feature of their regulation is a diurnal release pattern, with peak levels linked to the start of the activity phase. This release is under control of the circadian clock, an endogenous biological timekeeper that acts to prepare the organism for daily changes in its environment. Circadian control of glucocorticoid production and secretion involves a central pacemaker in the hypothalamus, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, as well as a circadian clock in the adrenal gland itself. Central circadian regulation is mediated via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the autonomic nervous system, while the adrenal gland clock appears to control sensitivity of the gland to the adrenocorticopic hormone (ACTH). The rhythmically released glucocorticoids in turn might contribute to synchronisation of the cell-autonomous clocks in the body and interact with them to time physiological dynamics in their target tissues around the day.
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Evidence is rapidly accumulating to indicate that misalignment between central and peripheral clocks has a host of adverse effects, including an increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
“Evidence is rapidly accumulating to indicate that misalignment between central and peripheral clocks has a host of adverse effects, including an increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes (37, 39).”
From Adverse effects of two nights of sleep restriction on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy men (2014) · cites this paper as [37]
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- Norris DO 2007 Vertebrate Endocrinology. 4 edn, Burlington, San Diego, London: Elsevier Academic Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Circadian control of the immune system
Scheiermann, C., Kunisaki, Y., & Frenette, P. S. (2013) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3386 · Cited by 1,135 · see citing works
The cortisol awakening response: More than a measure of HPA axis function
Clow, A., Hucklebridge, F., Stalder, T., Evans, P., & Thorn, L. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.12.011 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
The Functional and Clinical Significance of the 24-Hour Rhythm of Circulating Glucocorticoids
Oster, H., Challet, E., Ott, V., Arvat, E., de Kloet, E. R., Dijk, D.-J., Lightman, S., Vgontzas, A., & Van Cauter, E. (2017) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2015-1080 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Gong, S., Miao, Y.-L., Jiao, G.-Z., Sun, M.-J., Li, H., Lin, J., Luo, M.-J., & Tan, J.-H. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117503 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Agorastos, A., Pervanidou, P., Chrousos, G. P., & Baker, D. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00118 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
“Circadian acetylation and deacetylation of the GR, modulated by melatonin, allows for these changes in tissue sensitivity (308, 312, 315, 316).”
BackgroundCircadian rhythms in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
Kalsbeek, A., van der Spek, R., Lei, J., Endert, E., Buijs, R. M., & Fliers, E. (2012) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.042 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Sex differences in circadian timing systems: implications for disease
Bailey, M., & Silver, R. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.11.003 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Circadian rhythms, time-restricted feeding, and healthy aging
Manoogian, E. N. C., & Panda, S. (2017) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2016.12.006 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Circadian rhythm of adrenal glucocorticoid: its regulation and clinical implications
Chung, S., Son, G. H., & Kim, K. (2011) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.02.003 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Papakonstantinou, E., Oikonomou, C., Nychas, G., & Dimitriadis, G. D. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14040823 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Circadian endocrine rhythms: the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and its actions
Nicolaides, N. C., Charmandari, E., Chrousos, G. P., & Kino, T. (2014) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12464 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Yoga practice improves executive function by attenuating stress levels
Gothe, N. P., Keswani, R. K., & McAuley, E. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.10.010 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Fabbian, F., Smolensky, M. H., Tiseo, R., Pala, M., Manfredini, R., & Portaluppi, F. (2013) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.715872 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
The circadian clock and glucocorticoids – interactions across many time scales
Dickmeis, T., Weger, B. D., & Weger, M. (2013) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2013.05.012 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationThe adrenal peripheral clock: Glucocorticoid and the circadian timing system
Son, G. H., Chung, S., & Kim, K. (2011) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.07.003 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Guyon, A., Balbo, M., Morselli, L. L., Tasali, E., Leproult, R., L'Hermite-Balériaux, M., Van Cauter, E., & Spiegel, K. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-4254 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Mammalian circadian systems: Organization and modern life challenges
Finger, A., & Kramer, A. (2021) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.13548 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Cortisol and anxiety response to a relaxing intervention on pregnant women awaiting amniocentesis
Ventura, T., Gomes, M. C., & Carreira, T. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.05.016 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Suppression of the HPA axis during cholestasis can be attributed to hypothalamic bile acid signaling
McMillin, M., Frampton, G., Quinn, M., Divan, A., Grant, S., Patel, N., Newell-Rogers, K., & DeMorrow, S. (2015) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2015-1087 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Central and peripheral circadian clocks and their role in Alzheimer's disease
Chauhan, R., Chen, K.-F., Kent, B. A., & Crowther, D. C. (2017) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.030627 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Central to metabolic health is the synchronization of gut, liver and muscle metabolic cycles and their interplay with the glucocorticoid hormones secreted by the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (see Glossary, Box 1) (Dickmeis, 2009; Gamble et al., 2014; Reddy et al., 2007).”
BackgroundKoresh, O., Kozlovsky, N., Kaplan, Z., Zohar, J., Matar, M. A., & Cohen, H. (2012) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.012 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Agorastos, A., Kellner, M., Baker, D. G., & Otte, C. (2014) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000079 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Al-Safadi, S., Al-Safadi, A., Branchaud, M., Rutherford, S., Dayanandan, A., Robinson, B., & Amir, S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111166 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Fahrenkrug, J., Georg, B., Hannibal, J., & Jørgensen, H. L. (2012) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-012-9804-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Nokkaew, W., Intarapuk, A., Sakulthai, A., Wajjwalku, W., & Thongtip, N. (2022) · Veterinary World · doi:10.14202/vetworld.2022.647-654 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Dickmeis, T.
- Corresponding author
- Dickmeis, Thomas
- ORCID
- Dickmeis, Thomas
- Venue
- Journal of Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Bioscientifica
- Published
- 2008-10-29
- Volume
- 200
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-22
- ISSN
- 0022-0795 (ISSN-L)
- 1479-6805
- OpenAlex
- W2092647381
- Cited by
- 494
- References
- 244
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 2.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- glucocorticoids, circadian clock, suprachiasmatic nucleus, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, ACTH sensitivity, cell-autonomous clock, adrenal cortex, circadian rhythm
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Glands, Animals, Biological Clocks, Circadian Rhythm, Gene Expression Regulation, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Hypothalamus, Neurosecretory Systems
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