The Central Melanocortin System Can Directly Regulate Serum Insulin Levels*

Targeted disruption of the melanocortin-4 receptor results in obesity in mice

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Pathogenesis of NIDDM. A balanced overview.

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Role of melanocortinergic neurons in feeding and the agouti obesity syndrome

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Antagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein

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Severe early-onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation caused by POMC mutations in humans

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Role of Fatty Acids in the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance and NIDDM

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Insulin resistance and insulin secretory dysfunction as precursors of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Prospective studies of pima indians

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A frameshift mutation in MC4R associated with dominantly inherited human obesity

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Localization of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) in neuroendocrine and autonomic control circuits in the brain

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A frameshift mutation in human MC4R is associated with a dominant form of obesity

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Hypothalamic POMC Deficiency Improves Glucose Tolerance Despite Insulin Resistance by Increasing Glycosuria

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α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone is a novel regulator of bone

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F-DIO obesity-prone rat is insulin resistant before obesity onset

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Gsα Deficiency in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus Partially Contributes to Obesity Associated with Gsα Mutations

Chen, M., Berger, A., Kablan, A., Zhang, J., Gavrilova, O., & Weinstein, L. S. (2012) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2012-1113 · Cited by 57

AgRP and NPY Expression in the Human Hypothalamic Infundibular Nucleus Correlate with Body Mass Index, Whereas Changes in αMSH Are Related to Type 2 Diabetes

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Obesity-Induced Inflammation in White Adipose Tissue Is Attenuated by Loss of Melanocortin-3 Receptor Signaling

Ellacott, K. L. J., Murphy, J. G., Marks, D. L., & Cone, R. D. (2007) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2007-0699 · Cited by 56

Salmon calcitonin – a potent inhibitor of food intake in states of impaired leptin signalling in laboratory rodents

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Deletion of Lkb1 in Pro-Opiomelanocortin Neurons Impairs Peripheral Glucose Homeostasis in Mice

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α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone promotes muscle glucose uptake via melanocortin 5 receptors

Enriori, P. J., Chen, W., Garcia-Rudaz, M. C., Grayson, B. E., Evans, A. E., Comstock, S. M., Gebhardt, U., Muller, H. L., Reinehr, T., Henry, B. A., et al. (2016) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2016.07.009 · Cited by 55

Hypothalamic obesity in children: pathophysiology to clinical management

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Corticotropin-Releasing Factor, Corticosteroids, Stress, and Sugar

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Genetic Dissection of Neuronal Pathways Controlling Energy Homeostasis

Balthasar, N. (2006) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2006.313 · Cited by 53

VGF Ablation Blocks the Development of Hyperinsulinemia and Hyperglycemia in Several Mouse Models of Obesity

Watson, E., Hahm, S., Mizuno, T. M., Windsor, J., Montgomery, C., Scherer, P. E., Mobbs, C. V., & Salton, S. R. (2005) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2005-0588 · Cited by 48

Role of Adiponectin and Inflammation in Insulin Resistance of Mc3r and Mc4r Knockout Mice

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The Melanocortin Agonist Melanotan‐II Reduces the Orexigenic and Adipogenic Effects of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) but Does not Affect the NPY‐Driven Suppressive Effects on the Gonadotropic and Somatotropic Axes in the Male Rat

Raposinho, P., White, R. B., & Aubert, M. (2003) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.2003.00962.x · Cited by 52

Central infusion of leptin improves insulin resistance and suppresses β-cell function, but not β-cell mass, primarily through the sympathetic nervous system in a type 2 diabetic rat model

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Hindbrain Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript Induces Hypothermia Mediated by GLP-1 Receptors

Skibicka, K. P., Alhadeff, A. L., & Grill, H. J. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6144-08.2009 · Cited by 46

Gsα deficiency in the dorsomedial hypothalamus underlies obesity associated with Gsα mutations

Chen, M., Shrestha, Y. B., Podyma, B., Cui, Z., Naglieri, B., Sun, H., Ho, T., Wilson, E. A., Li, Y.-Q., Gavrilova, O., et al. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci88622 · Cited by 46

Reduced renal sympathetic nerve activity contributes to elevated glycosuria and improved glucose tolerance in hypothalamus-specific Pomc knockout mice

Chhabra, K. H., Morgan, D. A., Tooke, B. P., Adams, J. M., Rahmouni, K., & Low, M. J. (2017) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2017.07.005 · Cited by 46

The stimulatory G protein Gsα is required in melanocortin 4 receptor–expressing cells for normal energy balance, thermogenesis, and glucose metabolism

Podyma, B., Sun, H., Wilson, E. A., Carlson, B. A., Pritikin, E., Gavrilova, O., Weinstein, L. S., & Chen, M. (2018) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.ra118.003450 · Cited by 46

The central melanocortin system and the regulation of energy balance

Lee, M. (2007) · Frontiers in Bioscience · doi:10.2741/2366 · Cited by 45

Energy expenditure in obese children with pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a

Shoemaker, A. H., Lomenick, J. P., Saville, B. R., Wang, W., Buchowski, M. S., & Cone, R. D. (2012) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.200 · Cited by 45

Transgenic MSH overexpression attenuates the metabolic effects of a high-fat diet

Lee, M., Kim, A. D., Chua, S. C., Obici, S., & Wardlaw, S. L. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00555.2006 · Cited by 47

Functional Heterogeneity of Arcuate Nucleus Pro-Opiomelanocortin Neurons: Implications for Diverging Melanocortin Pathways

Sohn, J., & Williams, K. W. (2012) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-012-8240-6 · Cited by 46

Analysis of knockout mice suggests a role for VGF in the control of fat storage and energy expenditure

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Neuroanatomical distribution of the melanocortin-4 receptors in male and female rodent brain

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Intracerebroventricular administration of melanotan II increases insulin sensitivity of glucose disposal in mice

Heijboer, A. C., van den Hoek, A. M., Pijl, H., Voshol, P. J., Havekes, L. M., Romijn, J. A., & Corssmit, E. P. M. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1838-8 · Cited by 43

Characterization of murine melanocortin receptors mediating adipocyte lipolysis and examination of signalling pathways involved

Møller, C. L., Raun, K., Jacobsen, M. L., Pedersen, T. Å., Holst, B., Conde‐Frieboes, K. W., & Wulff, B. S. (2011) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2011.03.010 · Cited by 43

Characterization of a novel binding partner of the melanocortin-4 receptor: attractin-like protein

Haqq, A. M., René, P., Kishi, T., Khong, K., Lee, C. E., Liu, H., Friedman, J. M., Elmquist, J. K., & Cone, R. D. (2003) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20031241 · Cited by 42

Brain Control of Insulin and Glucagon Secretion

Osundiji, M. A., & Evans, M. L. (2012) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2012.11.006 · Cited by 42

CNS melanocortin and leptin effects on stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 and resistin expression

Lin, J., Choi, Y., Hartzell, D. L., Li, C., Della‐Fera, M. A., & Baile, C. A. (2003) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.10.004 · Cited by 42

A novel missense mutation in the signal peptide of the human POMC gene: a possible additional link between early-onset type 2 diabetes and obesity

Mencarelli, M., Zulian, A., Cancello, R., Alberti, L., Gilardini, L., Blasio, A. M. D., & Invitti, C. (2012) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/ejhg.2012.103 · Cited by 41

Melanocortin neurons: Multiple routes to regulation of metabolism

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Hypothalamic MC4R regulates glucose homeostasis through adrenaline-mediated control of glucose reabsorption via renal GLUT2 in mice

Cordeiro, L. M. D. S., Elsheikh, A., Devisetty, N., Morgan, D. A., Ebert, S. N., Rahmouni, K., & Chhabra, K. H. (2020) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-020-05289-z · Cited by 41

Progress in the search for neuronal mechanisms coupling type 2 diabetes to obesity

Schwartz, M. W. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci14127 · Cited by 40

Activation of the central melanocortin system contributes to the increased arterial pressure in obese Zucker rats

do Carmo, J. M., da Silva, A. A., Rushing, J. S., & Hall, J. E. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00392.2011 · Cited by 39

Neurotransmitters in Type 2 Diabetes and the Control of Systemic and Central Energy Balance

Al-Sayyar, A., Hammad, M. M., Williams, M. R., Al‐Onaizi, M., Abubaker, J. A., & Alzaïd, F. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13030384 · Cited by 45

A human obesity-associated MC4R mutation with defective Gq/11α signaling leads to hyperphagia in mice

Metzger, P. J., Zhang, A., Carlson, B. A., Sun, H., Cui, Z., Li, Y., Jahnke, M. T., Layton, D. R., Gupta, M. B., Liu, N., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci165418 · Cited by 42

Serotonergic pathways converge upon central melanocortin systems to regulate energy balance

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Fasting blood glucose levels in patients with different types of diseases

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Neurobiology of the metabolic syndrome: An allostatic perspective

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Discovery and activity of (1R,4S,6R)-N-[(1R)-2-[4-cyclohexyl-4-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]carbonyl]-1-piperidinyl]-1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2-oxoethyl]-2-methyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-6-carboxamide (3, RY764), a potent and selective melanocortin subtype-4 receptor agonist

Ye, Z., Guo, L., Barakat, K. J., Pollard, P. G., Palucki, B. L., Sebhat, I. K., Bakshi, R. K., Tang, R., Kalyani, R. N., Vongs, A., et al. (2005) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.109 · Cited by 37

Melanocortin-3 receptor gene variants in a Maori kindred with obesity and early onset type 2 diabetes

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Hypothalamic control of body fat mass by food intake: The key to understanding why obesity should be treated as a disease

Purnell, J. Q., & le Roux, C. W. (2024) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15478 · Cited by 38

Central circuits regulating the sympathetic outflow to lumbar muscles in spinally transected mice by retrograde transsynaptic transport.

Xiang, H., Liu, C., Liu, T., & Xiong, J. (2014) · PubMed Central · Cited by 35

Constitutive Cholesterol-dependent Endocytosis of Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4R) Is Essential to Maintain Receptor Responsiveness to α-Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (α-MSH)

McDaniel, F. K., Molden, B., Mohammad, S., Baldini, G., Mcpike, L., Narducci, P., Granell, S., & Baldini, G. (2012) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m112.346890 · Cited by 35

Agouti-related protein promoter variant associated with leanness and decreased risk for diabetes in West Africans

Bonilla, C., Panguluri, R. K., Taliaferro-Smith, L., Argyropoulos, G. A., Chen, G., Adeyemo, A., Amoah, A. G. B., Owusu, S., Acheampong, J. W., Agyenim‐Boateng, K., et al. (2005) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803047 · Cited by 34

Role of Hypothalamic VGF in Energy Balance and Metabolic Adaption to Environmental Enrichment in Mice

Foglesong, G. D., Huang, W., Liu, X., Slater, A. M., Siu, J. J., Yildiz, V. O., Salton, S. R., & Cao, L. (2015) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2015-1627 · Cited by 33

Altered Glucose Homeostasis in Proopiomelanocortin-Null Mouse Mutants Lacking Central and Peripheral Melanocortin

Hochgeschwender, U., Costa, J. L., Reed, P., Bui, S., & Brennan, M. B. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-1008 · Cited by 32

Late onset obesity in mice with targeted deletion of potassium inward rectifier Kir7.1 from cells expressing the melanocortin‐4 receptor

Anderson, E. J. P., Ghamari‐Langroudi, M., Çakır, I., Litt, M. J., Chen, V., Reggiardo, R. E., Millhauser, G. L., & Cone, R. D. (2018) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12670 · Cited by 30

Assessment of a small molecule melanocortin-4 receptor-specific agonist on energy homeostasis

Cepoi, D., Phillips, T., Cismowski, M., Goodfellow, V. S., Ling, N., Cone, R. D., & Fan, W. (2004) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2003.10.041 · Cited by 31

Laterodorsal tegmentum and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus circuits regulate renal functions: Neuroanatomical evidence in mice models

Ye, D., Guo, Q.-Q., Feng, J., Liu, C., Yang, H., Gao, F., Zhou, W., Zhou, L. D., Xiang, H., & Li, R. (2012) · Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Medical Sciences] · doi:10.1007/s11596-012-0038-2 · Cited by 30

Antibodies as pharmacologic tools for studies on the regulation of energy balance

Hofbauer, K. G., Lecourt, A.-C., & Peter, J. (2008) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2008.06.001 · Cited by 30

A Brain-Melanocortin-Vagus Axis Mediates Adipose Tissue Expansion Independently of Energy Intake

Holland, J., Sorrell, J. E., Yates, E., Smith, K., Arbabi, S., Arnold, M., Rivir, M., Morano, R. L., Chen, J., Zhang, X., et al. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.089 · Cited by 28

Hormonal Signaling Systems of the Brain in Diabetes Mellitus

Shpakov, A. O., Chistyakova, O. V., Derkach, K. V., & Bondarev, V. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/28930 · Cited by 28

Effects of Agouti‐Related Protein on Metabolism and Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Gene Expression

Körner, J., Wissig, S. L., Kim, A., Conwell, I. M., & Wardlaw, S. L. (2003) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2003.01113.x · Cited by 28

Reduced Expression of the K ATP Channel Subunit, Kir6.2, is Associated with Decreased Expression of Neuropeptide Y and Agouti‐Related Protein in the Hypothalami of Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats

Gyte, A., Pritchard, L. E., Jones, H. B., Brennand, J. C., & White, A. E. (2007) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2007.01607.x · Cited by 26

Evidence for the interaction of protein kinase C and melanocortin 3-receptor signaling pathways

Wachira, S. J., Hughes‐Darden, C., Taylor, C. V., Ochillo, R. F., & Robinson, T. J. (2003) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/s0143-4179(03)00026-x · Cited by 27

The Functional State of Hormone-Sensitive Adenylyl Cyclase Signaling System in Diabetes Mellitus

Shpakov, A. O., & Derkach, K. V. (2013) · Journal of Signal Transduction · doi:10.1155/2013/594213 · Cited by 26

A derivative of the melanocortin receptor antagonist SHU9119 (PG932) increases food intake when administered peripherally

Sutton, G. M., Babin, M. J., Gu, X., Hruby, V. J., & Butler, A. A. (2007) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.014 · Cited by 26

Pancreatic neuronal melanocortin-4 receptor modulates serum insulin levels independent of leptin receptor

Mansour, M. M., White, D., Wernette, C. M., Dennis, J. C., Tao, Y., Collins, R., Parker, L. E., & Morrison, E. E. (2010) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-009-9289-5 · Cited by 26

Pro-opiomelanocortin gene transfer to the nucleus of the solitary track but not arcuate nucleus ameliorates chronic diet-induced obesity

Zhang, Y., Rodrigues, E., Gao, Y., King, M., Cheng, K., Erdös, B., Tümer, N., Carter, C., & Scarpace, P. J. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.06.001 · Cited by 26

Pharmacological Activation of the Melanocortin System Limits Plaque Inflammation and Ameliorates Vascular Dysfunction in Atherosclerotic Mice

Rinne, P., Silvola, J. M. U., Hellberg, S., Ståhle, M. R., Liljenbäck, H., Salomäki, H., Koskinen, E., Nuutinen, S., Saukko, P. J., Knuuti, J. M., et al. (2014) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.113.302963 · Cited by 26

Modulation of blood pressure by central melanocortinergic pathways

Maier, T., & Hoyer, J. D. (2010) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfp644 · Cited by 27

Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Is Altered by Melanocortin Receptor Stimulation and Food Deprivation

Ladenheim, E. E., Behles, R. R., Bi, S., & Moran, T. H. (2008) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2008-0559 · Cited by 26

The Role of Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone in Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Costa, J. L., Hochgeschwender, U., & Brennan, M. B. (2006) · Treatments in Endocrinology · doi:10.2165/00024677-200605010-00002 · Cited by 25

Novel α-MSH analog causes weight loss in obese rats and minipigs and improves insulin sensitivity

Fosgerau, K., Raun, K., Nilsson, C., Dahl, K., & Wulff, B. S. (2013) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-13-0284 · Cited by 25

Monogenic human obesity syndromes

Farooqi, I. S. (2006) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)53006-7 · Cited by 24

Organization of neural systems expressing melanocortin‐3 receptors in the mouse brain: Evidence for sexual dimorphism

Bedenbaugh, M. N., Brener, S. C., Maldonado, J., Lippert, R. N., Sweeney, P. R., Cone, R. D., & Simerly, R. B. (2022) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.25379 · Cited by 23

Central melanocortin receptor agonist reduces hepatic lipogenic gene expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Leckström, A., Lew, P. S., Poritsanos, N. J., & Mizuno, T. M. (2011) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2011.01.026 · Cited by 23

Mechanisms linking depression co-morbid with obesity: An approach for serotonergic type 3 receptor antagonist as novel therapeutic intervention

Kurhe, Y., & Mahesh, R. (2015) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2015.07.007 · Cited by 23

Hypothalamic orexin, OX1, αMSH, NPY and MCRs expression in dopaminergic D2R knockout mice

García-Tornadú, I., Dı́az-Torga, G., Risso, G. S., Silveyra, P., Cataldi, N. I., Ramirez, M. C., Low, M. J., Libertun, C., & Becú‐Villalobos, D. (2009) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2009.06.002 · Cited by 23

An Insertional Polymorphism of the Proopiomelanocortin Gene Is Associated with Fasting Insulin Levels in Childhood Obesity

Santoro, N., del Giudice, E. M., Cirillo, G., Raimondo, P., Corsi, I., Amato, A., Grandone, A., & Perrone, L. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0333 · Cited by 23

The central melanocortin system as a treatment target for obesity and diabetes: A brief overview

Goit, R. K., Taylor, A. W., & Lo, A. (2022) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174956 · Cited by 22

The Melanocortin MC5R as a New Target for Treatment of High Glucose-Induced Hypertrophy of the Cardiac H9c2 Cells

Trotta, M. C., Maisto, R., Alessio, N., Hermenean, A. O., D’Amico, M., & Filippo, C. D. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01475 · Cited by 22

Antibodies against the melanocortin-4 receptor act as inverse agonists in vitro and in vivo

Peter, J., Nicholson, J. R., Heydet, D., Lecourt, A.-C., Hoebeke, J., & Hofbauer, K. G. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00878.2006 · Cited by 22

Novel targets for the treatment of obesity: a review of progress

Cheetham, S. C., Jackson, H. C., Vickers, S. P., Dickinson, K., Jones, R. B., & Heal, D. J. (2004) · Drug Discovery Today Therapeutic Strategies · doi:10.1016/j.ddstr.2004.09.009 · Cited by 21

Glycemic state regulates melanocortin, but not nesfatin-1, responsiveness of glucose-sensing neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract

Mimee, A., & Ferguson, A. V. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00477.2014 · Cited by 21

Hypothesis: The central medial amygdala may be implicated in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy by melanocortinergic–sympathetic signaling

Hao, Y., Guan, X., Liu, T., He, Z., & Xiang, H. (2014) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.09.017 · Cited by 20

Involvement of neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor in the regulation of amphetamine-mediated appetite suppression

Kuo, D., Chen, P., Yu, C., Kuo, M.-H., Hsieh, Y., & Chu, S. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.018 · Cited by 20

Central Effects of Leptin on Glucose Homeostasis are Modified during Pregnancy in the Rat

Ladyman, S. R., & Grattan, D. R. (2016) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12431 · Cited by 20

Chapter 4. Melanocortin-4 receptor agonists and antagonists: Chemistry and potential therapeutic utilities

Sebhat, I. K., Ye, Z., Bednarek, M. A., Weinberg, D., Nargund, R. P., & Fong, T. M. (2003) · Annual reports in medicinal chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0065-7743(03)38005-4 · Cited by 20

A Pharmacologically Active Monoclonal Antibody against the Human Melanocortin-4 Receptor: Effectiveness After Peripheral and Central Administration

Peter, J., Lecourt, A.-C., Weckering, M., Zipfel, G., Niehoff, M. L., Banks, W. A., & Hofbauer, K. G. (2010) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.109.163279 · Cited by 19

Association between the DNA methylations of POMC, MC4R, and HNF4A and metabolic profiles in the blood of children aged 7–9 years

Kwon, E. J., You, Y., Park, B., Ha, E., Kim, H. S., Park, H., & Kim, Y. J. (2018) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-018-1104-0 · Cited by 19

MicroRNA-7 regulates melanocortin circuits involved in mammalian energy homeostasis

LaPierre, M. P., Lawler, K., Godbersen, S., Farooqi, I. S., & Stoffel, M. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-33367-w · Cited by 18

Mouse models for V103I and I251L gain of function variants of the human MC4R display decreased adiposity but are not protected against a hypercaloric diet

Rojo, D., McCarthy, C. I., Raingo, J., & Rubinstein, M. (2020) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101077 · Cited by 18

A Direct in Vivo Comparison of the Melanocortin Monovalent Agonist Ac-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-NH2 versus the Bivalent Agonist Ac-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-PEDG20-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-NH2: A Bivalent Advantage

Lensing, C. J., Adank, D. N., Wilber, S. L., Freeman, K. T., Schnell, S. M., Speth, R. C., Zarth, A. T., & Haskell‐Luevano, C. (2017) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00399 · Cited by 18

Delineation of the central melanocortin circuitry controlling the kidneys by a virally mediated transsynaptic tracing study in transgenic mouse model

Liu, T. T., Liu, B. W., He, Z. G., Li, F., Liu, S. G., & Xiang, H. B. (2016) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.11956 · Cited by 17

A novel MC4R deletion coexisting with FTO and MC1R gene variants, causes severe early onset obesity

Neocleous, V., Shammas, C., Phelan, M. M., Fanis, P., Pantelidou, M., Skordis, N., Mantzoros, C. S., Phylactou, L. A., & Toumba, M. (2016) · HORMONES · doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1686 · Cited by 17

Gsα deficiency in the dorsomedial hypothalamus leads to obesity, hyperphagia, and reduced thermogenesis associated with impaired leptin signaling

Chen, M., Wilson, E. A., Cui, Z., Sun, H., Shrestha, Y. B., Podyma, B., Le, C. H., Naglieri, B., Pacák, K., Gavrilova, O., et al. (2019) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2019.04.005 · Cited by 16

Animal Models of Metabolic Syndrome

Wayhart, J. P., & Lawson, H. A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809468-6.00009-7 · Cited by 17

Hypothesis: Astrocytes in the central medial amygdala may be implicated in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy by melanocortinergic signaling

Liu, T., He, Z., Tian, X., Liu, C., Xiang, H., & Zhang, J. (2014) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.10.028 · Cited by 16

Both neuropeptide Y knockdown and Y1 receptor inhibition modulate CART-mediated appetite control

Chu, S., Chen, P., Ho, Y., Yu, C., Hsieh, Y., & Kuo, D. (2014) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.11.005 · Cited by 17

Effects of deficiency of the G protein Gsα on energy and glucose homeostasis

Chen, M., Nemechek, N. M., Mema, E., Wang, J., & Weinstein, L. S. (2011) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.105 · Cited by 16

Obesity Drug Update: The Lost Decade?

Yao, F., & MacKenzie, R. G. (2010) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph3123494 · Cited by 16

Knocking down the transcript of protein kinase C-lambda modulates hypothalamic glutathione peroxidase, melanocortin receptor and neuropeptide Y gene expression in amphetamine-treated rats

Hsieh, Y., Yang, S., Chen, P., Chu, S., Chen, C.-H., & Kuo, D. (2010) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881110376692 · Cited by 15

Loss of the melanocortin-4 receptor in mice causes dilated cardiomyopathy

Litt, M. J., Okoye, G. D., Lark, D. S., Çakır, I., Moore, C. S., Barber, M., Atkinson, J. B., Fessel, J. P., Moslehi, J. J., & Cone, R. D. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.28118 · Cited by 16

Germline ablation of VGF increases lipolysis in white adipose tissue

Fargali, S., Scherer, T., Shin, A. C., Sadahiro, M., Buettner, C., & Salton, S. R. (2012) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-12-0172 · Cited by 14

Roles for melanocortins and leptin in adipose tissue apoptosis and fat deposition

Della‐Fera, M. A., & Baile, C. A. (2005) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2004.12.023 · Cited by 15

Impact of lorcaserin on glycemic control in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes: analysis of week 52 responders and nonresponders

Pi-Sunyer, X., Shanahan, W. R., Fain, R., Ma, T., & Garvey, W. T. (2016) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2016.1208618 · Cited by 14

Central nervous control of energy and glucose balance: focus on the central melanocortin system

Xu, Y., Elmquist, J. K., & Fukuda, M. (2011) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06248.x · Cited by 135

The melanocortin system and insulin resistance in humans: insights from a patient with complete POMC deficiency and type 1 diabetes mellitus

Aslan, I. R., Ranadive, S. A., Valle, I., Kollipara, S., Noble, J. A., & Vaisse, C. (2013) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.53 · Cited by 32

Altered Glucose Homeostasis in Proopiomelanocortin-Null Mouse Mutants Lacking Central and Peripheral Melanocortin

Hochgeschwender, U., Costa, J. L., Reed, P., Bui, S., & Brennan, M. B. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-1008 · Cited by 32

Central melanocortin receptors regulate insulin action

Obici, S., Feng, Z., Tan, J., Liu, L., Karkanias, G. B., & Rossetti, L. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci12954 · Cited by 370

The role of the central melanocortin system in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis: lessons from mouse models

Ellacott, K. L. J., & Cone, R. D. (2006) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1861 · Cited by 138