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Cited by 392Vitamin D Research StudiesParathyroid Disorders and TreatmentsBone health and osteoporosis research

Consensus statement on vitamin D status assessment and supplementation: Whys, whens, and hows

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Giustina, Andrea, Bilezikian, John P, Adler, Robert A, Banfi, Giuseppe, Bikle, Daniel D, Binkley, Neil C, Bollerslev, Jens, Bouillon, Roger +19 more·2024·Endocrine Reviews
DOI 10.1210/endrev/bnae009PMC PMC11405507
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Abstract

The 6th International Conference, “Controversies in Vitamin D,” was convened to discuss controversial topics, such as vitamin D metabolism, assessment, actions, and supplementation. Novel insights into vitamin D mechanisms of action suggest links with conditions that do not depend only on reduced solar exposure or diet intake and that can be detected with distinctive noncanonical vitamin D metabolites. Optimal 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels remain debated. Varying recommendations from different societies arise from evaluating different clinical or public health approaches. The lack of assay standardization also poses challenges in interpreting data from available studies, hindering rational data pooling and meta-analyses. Beyond the well-known skeletal features, interest in vitamin D's extraskeletal effects has led to clinical trials on cancer, cardiovascular risk, respiratory effects, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, and mortality. The initial negative results are likely due to enrollment of vitamin D-replete individuals. Subsequent post hoc analyses have suggested, nevertheless, potential benefits in reducing cancer incidence, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular events, and diabetes. Oral administration of vitamin D is the preferred route. Parenteral administration is reserved for specific clinical situations. Cholecalciferol is favored due to safety and minimal monitoring requirements. Calcifediol may be used in certain conditions, while calcitriol should be limited to specific disorders in which the active metabolite is not readily produced in vivo. Further studies are needed to investigate vitamin D effects in relation to the different recommended 25(OH)D levels and the efficacy of the different supplementary formulations in achieving biochemical and clinical outcomes within the multifaced skeletal and extraskeletal potential effects of vitamin D.

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Authors
Giustina, A., Bilezikian, J. P., Adler, R. A., Banfi, G., Bikle, D. D., Binkley, N. C., Bollerslev, J., Bouillon, R., Brandi, M. L., Casanueva, F. F., di Filippo, L., Donini, L. M., Ebeling, P. R., Fuleihan, G. E.-H., Fassio, A., Frara, S., Jones, G., Marcocci, C., Martineau, A. R., Minisola, S., Napoli, N., Procopio, M., Rizzoli, R., Schafer, A. L., Sempos, C. T., Ulivieri, F. M., & Virtanen, J. K.
Affiliations
  • Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (IT)
  • Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons , New York, NY 10032 , USA
  • Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
  • San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
  • University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
  • University of Oslo (NO)
  • KU Leuven (BE)
  • Italian Foundation for the Research on Bone Diseases (F.I.R.M.O.) , Florence 50129 , Italy
  • Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (ES)
  • Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University and IRCCS Hospital , Milan 20132 , Italy
  • Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
  • Monash University (AU)
  • American University of Beirut (LB)
  • University of Verona (IT)
  • Queen's University (CA)
  • University of Pisa (IT)
  • Queen Mary University of London (GB)
  • Università Campus Bio-Medico (IT)
  • Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, “Molinette” Hospital, University of Turin , Turin 10126 , Italy
  • University Hospital of Geneva (CH)
  • Vitamin D Standardization Program (VDSP) , Havre de Grace, MD 21078 , USA
  • University of Eastern Finland (FI)
Corresponding author
Bilezikian, John P
ORCID
Venue
Endocrine Reviews
Publisher
The Endocrine Society
Published
2024-04-27
Volume
45
Issue
5
Pages
625-654
ISSN
  • 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
  • 1945-7189
DOI
10.1210/endrev/bnae009
PMC
PMC11405507
OpenAlex
W4395699495
Cited by
392
References
6
Citations by year
2026: 178 · 2025: 169 · 2024: 45
FWCI
110.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
  • NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Abiogen Pharma
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
Keywords
vitamin D status assessment, vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, vitamin D metabolites, vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, cancer, cardiovascular risk, autoimmune disease, diabetes mellitus, mortality
MeSH terms
Humans, Review Literature as Topic, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency, Dietary Supplements

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