Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy

Vitamin D Deficiency

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Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences

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Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D

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Estimates of optimal vitamin D status

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Congenital rickets.

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Vitamin D Status: Measurement, Interpretation, and Clinical Application

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Cutting Edge: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Is a Direct Inducer of Antimicrobial Peptide Gene Expression

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1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system

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Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D Deficiency in Infants, Children, and Adolescents

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Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety

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Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol

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Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem?

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INCREASED SKIN PIGMENT REDUCES THE CAPACITY OF SKIN TO SYNTHESISE VITAMIN D3

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Vitamin D2Is Much Less Effective than Vitamin D3in Humans

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Causal relationship between obesity and vitamin D status: bi-directional Mendelian randomization analysis of multiple cohorts

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Hypovitaminosis D prevalence and determinants among African American and white women of reproductive age: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994

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Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised trials

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Pharmacokinetics of vitamin D toxicity

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Prevalence of Vitamin D Inadequacy among Postmenopausal North American Women Receiving Osteoporosis Therapy

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Risk assessment for vitamin D

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Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency Increases the Risk of Preeclampsia

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Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: Double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness

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Vitamin D effects on musculoskeletal health, immunity, autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, fertility, pregnancy, dementia and mortality—A review of recent evidence

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Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood bone mass at age 9 years: a longitudinal study

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Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy

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Association between Maternal Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level and Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

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Low serum vitamin D levels and tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Volumetric Dilution, Rather Than Sequestration Best Explains the Low Vitamin D Status of Obesity

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Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and child outcomes

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Pregnancy-related mortality from preeclampsia and eclampsia

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Worldwide vitamin D status

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Vitamin D supplementation reduces insulin resistance in South Asian women living in New Zealand who are insulin resistant and vitamin D deficient – a randomised, placebo-controlled trial

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Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D

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Body Fat Content and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels in Healthy Women

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Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse effect level

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High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and their newborns in northern India

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Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy and early childhood wheezing

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Vitamin D and Skin Physiology: A D-Lightful Story

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Global prevalence and disease burden of vitamin D deficiency: a roadmap for action in low‐ and middle‐income countries

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Practical guidelines for the supplementation of vitamin D and the treatment of deficits in Central Europe — recommended vitamin D intakes in the general population and groups at risk of vitamin D deficiency

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Hypovitaminosis D Myopathy Without Biochemical Signs of Osteomalacic Bone Involvement

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Role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus

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Maternal vitamin D status and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Vitamin D requirements during lactation: high-dose maternal supplementation as therapy to prevent hypovitaminosis D for both the mother and the nursing infant

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Effect of Prenatal Supplementation With Vitamin D on Asthma or Recurrent Wheezing in Offspring by Age 3 Years

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Nutrient Adequacy of Exclusive Breastfeeding for the Term Infant During the First Six Months of Life

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Vitamin D supplements in pregnant Asian women: effects on calcium status and fetal growth.

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Effects of alternative maternal micronutrient supplements on low birth weight in rural Nepal: double blind randomised community trial

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Maternal Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and the Risk for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

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Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Primary Cesarean Section

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Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy: a systematic review

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Vitamin D supplementation: Recommendations for Canadian mothers and infants

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Vitamin D and Placental-Decidual Function

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Effect of Vitamin D 3 Supplementation During Pregnancy on Risk of Persistent Wheeze in the Offspring

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Maternal 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone Concentrations and Offspring Birth Size

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Vitamin D During Pregnancy and Maternal, Neonatal and Infant Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis

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Effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

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Racial Pigmentation and the Cutaneous Synthesis of Vitamin D

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Low maternal vitamin D status and fetal bone development: Cohort study

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Maternal Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Are Associated with Small-for-Gestational Age Births in White Women

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Maternal Vitamin D Status Determines Bone Variables in the Newborn

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Vitamin D Deficiency and Seasonal Variation in an Adult South Florida Population

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Correlation between vitamin D3 deficiency and insulin resistance in pregnancy

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Vitamin D Supplementation in Pregnancy and Lactation and Infant Growth

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The Vitamin D Connection to Pediatric Infections and Immune Function

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Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: state of the evidence from a systematic review of randomised trials

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Vitamin D insufficiency is common in Indian mothers but is not associated with gestational diabetes or variation in newborn size

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Maternal gestational vitamin D supplementation and offspring bone health (MAVIDOS): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial

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Supplementation of vitamin D in pregnancy and its correlation with feto‐maternal outcome

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Season and Ethnicity Are Determinants of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in New Zealand Children Aged 5–14 y

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The Ontogeny of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1α-Hydroxylase Expression in Human Placenta and Decidua

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Maternal vitamin D intake and mineral metabolism in mothers and their newborn infants.

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Dietary reference values for vitamin K

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Committee Opinion No. 495: Vitamin D: Screening and Supplementation During Pregnancy

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Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: Effect on neonatal calcium homeostasis

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1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through a VEGF-mediated pathway

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Vitamin D deficiency and supplementation during pregnancy

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Maternal Vitamin D Status and Risk of Pre-Eclampsia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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Impact of pregnancy-induced hypertension on fetal growth

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Maternal vitamin D deficiency, ethnicity and gestational diabetes

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A randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation in 2 community health center networks in South Carolina

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High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in type 1 diabetes mellitus and healthy children

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Population attributable fractions for risk factors for spontaneous preterm births in 81 low- and middle-income countries: A systematic analysis.

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Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation in Early Life on Children’s Growth and Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

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Vitamin D-Related Risk Factors for Maternal Morbidity and Mortality during Pregnancy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Morales‐Suárez‐Varela, M., Uçar, N., Soriano, J. M., González, A. L., Sanford, B. S., & Grant, W. B. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14194124 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Associations of maternal nutritional status and supplementation with fetal, newborn, and infant outcomes in low-income and middle-income settings: an overview of reviews

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Impact evaluation of the efficacy of different doses of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on pregnancy and birth outcomes: a randomised, controlled, dose comparison trial in Pakistan

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Systematic evaluation of the pre-eclampsia drugs, dietary supplements and biologicals pipeline using target product profiles

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Current management of recurrent pregnancy loss

Chester, M. R., Tirlapur, A. S., & Jayaprakasan, K. M. (2022) · The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist · doi:10.1111/tog.12832 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

A modular systematic review of antenatal interventions to address undernutrition during pregnancy in the prevention of low birth weight

Hunter, P., Muthiani, Y., Näsänen-Gilmore, P. K., Koivu, A. M., Pörtfors, P., Bastola, K., Vimpeli, R., Luoma, J., Ashorn, U., & Ashorn, P. (2023) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.01.024 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Association between vitamin D plasma concentrations and VDR gene variants and the risk of premature birth

Dutra, L. V., Affonso-Kaufman, F. A., Cafeo, F. R., Kassai, M. S., Barbosa, C. P., Figueiredo, F. W. D. S., de Souza, F. I. S., & Bianco, B. A. V. (2019) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2671-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Relationship of maternal obesity and vitamin D concentrations with fetal growth in early pregnancy

Zhang, Q., Zhang, C., Wang, Y., Zhao, J., Li, H., Shen, Q., Wang, X., Ni, M., Ouyang, F., Vinturache, A., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02695-w · Cited by 24 · see citing works

The Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on Infants’ Health

Stoica, A. B., & Mărginean, C. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15204379 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Review of the evidence for interventions to reduce perinatal mortality in low- and middle-income countries

Shukla, V. V., & Carlo, W. A. (2020) · International Journal of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ijpam.2020.02.004 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Vitamin D Deficiency and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Relation to Body Mass Index

Agüero-Domenech, N., Jover, S., Sarrión, A., Baranda, J., Quesada, J. A., Pereira-Expósito, A., Gil-Guillén, V. F., Cortés-Castell, E., & García-Teruel, M. J. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14010102 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

An evidence review and nutritional conceptual framework for pre-eclampsia prevention

Kinshella, M. W., Pickerill, K., Bone, J. N., Prasad, S., Campbell, O., Vidler, M., Craik, R., Volvert, M., Mistry, H. D., Tsigas, E. Z., et al. (2022) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114522003889 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

A Systematic Review Investigating Maternal Nutrition During Pregnancy After Bariatric Surgery

Guthrie, T. M., Dix, C. F., Truby, H., Kumar, S., & de Jersey, S. (2023) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-023-06565-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Neonatal, and Infant Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Yang, W.-C., Chitale, R., O’Callaghan, K. M., Sudfeld, C. R., & Smith, E. R. (2024) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuae065 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Vitamin D3 supplementation during pregnancy and lactation for women living with HIV in Tanzania: A randomized controlled trial

Sudfeld, C. R., Manji, K. P., Muhihi, A. J., Duggan, C., Aboud, S., Al‐beity, F. M. A., Wang, M., Zhang, N., Ulenga, N. K., & Fawzi, W. W. (2022) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003973 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

A Systematic Review of Vitamin D during Pregnancy and Postnatally and Symptoms of Depression in the Antenatal and Postpartum Period from Randomized Controlled Trials and Observational Studies

Gould, J. F., Gibson, R. A., Green, T., & Makrides, M. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14112300 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Vitamin D supplementation higher than 2000 IU/day compared to lower dose on maternal–fetal outcome: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Irwinda, R., Hiksas, R., Lokeswara, A. W., & Wibowo, N. (2022) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057221111066 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Effects of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on bone health and offspring growth: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

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Vitamin D: Do We Need More Than Sunshine?

Srivastava, S. B. (2021) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276211005689 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Selecting a dietary supplement with appropriate dosing for 6 key nutrients in pregnancy

Sauder, K. A., Couzens, G. L., Bailey, R. L., Hockett, C. W., Switkowski, K. M., Lyall, K., Kerver, J. M., Dabelea, D., Maldonado, L. E., O’Connor, T. G., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.12.018 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation on the incidence of preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Moghib, K., ghanm, T. I. E., Abunamoos, A., Rajabi, M., Moawad, S. M., Mohsen, A., Kasem, S., Elsayed, K., Sayed, M. A., Dawoud, A. L. A., et al. (2024) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-024-07081-y · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Beneficial health effects of ultraviolet radiation: expert review and conference report

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Updated Perspectives on the Challenges of Managing Multiple Sclerosis During Pregnancy

Villaverde-González, R. (2022) · Degenerative Neurological and Neuromuscular Disease · doi:10.2147/dnnd.s203406 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Updated Perspectives on the Challenges of Managing Multiple Sclerosis During Pregnancy

Villaverde-González, R. (2022) · Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Effect of early vitamin D supplementation on the incidence of preeclampsia in primigravid women: a randomised clinical trial in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo

Kabuseba, R. K., Tugirimana, P. L., Sifa, B., Balezi, M., Dikete, M., Mitangala, P. N., Elongi, J. P. M., Kinenkinda, X. K., & Kakoma, J.-B. S. Z. (2024) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-024-06277-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

International expert consensus on micronutrient supplement use during the early life course

Cetin, I., Devlieger, R., Isolauri, E., Obeid, R., Parisi, F., Pilz, S., van Rossem, L., Maternal Nutrition Delphi Study Group, & Steegers‐Theunissen, R. P. M. (2025) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-024-07123-5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Vitamin D receptor Fokl polymorphism is a determinant of both maternal and neonatal vitamin D concentrations at birth

Karras, S. Ν., Koufakis, T., Antonopoulou, V., Goulis, D. G., Alaylıoğlu, M., Dursun, E., Gezen‐Ak, D., Annweiler, C., Pilz, S., Fakhoury, H. M. A., et al. (2019) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105568 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

A comparison of the risk of cesarean section in gestational diabetes mellitus patients supplemented antenatally with vitamin D containing supplements versus placebo: A systematic review and meta-analysis of double-blinded randomized controlled trials

Saha, S., & Saha, S. (2020) · Journal of the Turkish-German Gynecological Association · doi:10.4274/jtgga.galenos.2020.2019.0164 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation during pregnancy on high risk factors — a randomized controlled trial

Xiaomang, J., & Yanling, W. (2020) · Journal of Perinatal Medicine · doi:10.1515/jpm-2020-0318 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

The association between maternal fat-soluble vitamin concentrations during pregnancy and infant birth weight in China

Yang, W., Jiao, M., Xi, L., Han, N., Luo, S., Xu, X., Zhou, Q., & Wang, H. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520003347 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

A Scoping Review of Vitamin D for Nonskeletal Health: A Framework for Evidence-based Clinical Practice

Santos, H. O., Martins, C. E. C., Forbes, S. C., & Delpino, F. M. (2023) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2023.03.016 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and haplotypes in the etiology of recurrent miscarriages

Wolski, H., Kurzawińska, G., Ożarowski, M., Mrozikiewicz, A. E., Drews, K., Karpiński, T. M. M., Bogacz, A., & Seremak‐Mrozikiewicz, A. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84317-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

The Association of Vitamin D and Its Pathway Genes’ Polymorphisms with Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: A Prospective Cohort Study

Si, S., Mo, M., Cheng, H., Peng, Z., Alifu, X., Zhou, H., Chi, P., Zhuang, Y., & Yu, Y. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14112355 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Early pregnancy vitamin D insufficiency and gestational diabetes mellitus

Shang, M., & Zhao, N. (2022) · Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · doi:10.1111/jog.15333 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Acute painful crises may be causes of sudden deaths in sickle cell diseases

Helvacı, M. R., Camlibel, M., Yuksek, B. C., Sevinç, A., Camcı, C., Abyad, A., & Pocock, L. (2023) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2023.95256109 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Bone health in avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder: a narrative review

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Maternal vitamin D status, fetal growth patterns, and adverse pregnancy outcomes in a multisite prospective pregnancy cohort

Beck, C., Blue, N. R., Silver, R. M., Na, M., Grobman, W. A., Steller, J. G., Parry, S. I., Scifres, C., & Gernand, A. D. (2024) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.11.018 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Dietary supplements and prevention of preeclampsia

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Validation and Determination of 25(OH) Vitamin D and 3-Epi25(OH)D3 in Breastmilk and Maternal- and Infant Plasma during Breastfeeding

Gjerde, J., Kjellevold, M., Dahl, L., Berg, T., Bøkevoll, A., & Markhus, M. W. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12082271 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Association of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs7975232) with risk of preeclampsia

Aziz, A., Shah, M., Siraj, S., Iqbal, W., Jan, A., Khan, I., Ahmed, S., Vitale, S. G., & Angioni, S. L. (2022) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2022.2146089 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Mixture of air pollution, brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and organochlorine pesticides in relation to vitamin D concentrations in pregnancy

Berger, K. P., Bradshaw, P. T., Poon, V., Kharrazi, M., Eyles, D. W., Ashwood, P., Lyall, K., Volk, H. E., Ames, J., Croen, L., et al. (2023) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122808 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Antenatal Care Strategies to Improve Perinatal and Newborn Outcomes

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Evaluation of the efficacy of two doses of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic, lipidemic and oxidative stress biomarkers during pregnancy: a randomized clinical trial

Motamed, S., Nikooyeh, B., Kashanian, M., Chamani, M., Hollis, B. W., & Neyestani, T. R. (2020) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-020-03311-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy: summary of a Cochrane review

Hussein, H., & Wieland, L. S. (2025) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2025.103209 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Associations with Skin Color in Pregnant Women in the First Trimester in a Sample from Switzerland

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Vitamin D Deficiency and Supplemental Use in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Rogers-Kelly, C. (2020)

Which pregnant women need vitamin D supplementation?

Tripdatabase (2026) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.23136226

Bridging the gap of the sunshine vitamin: a comprehensive situation analysis on vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy

Zainab, R., Perera, K. R., Silva, M. P. D., Mallawaarachchi, M. A. T. U., & Jayawardane, M. (2023) · Sri Lanka Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.4038/sljog.v47i1.8198