The DOI matches its Crossref record; 528 of the 539 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Clinical Significance of Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction
Abstract
Subclinical thyroid disease (SCTD) is defined as serum free T(4) and free T(3) levels within their respective reference ranges in the presence of abnormal serum TSH levels. SCTD is being diagnosed more frequently in clinical practice in young and middle-aged people as well as in the elderly. However, the clinical significance of subclinical thyroid dysfunction is much debated. Subclinical hyper- and hypothyroidism can have repercussions on the cardiovascular system and bone, as well as on other organs and systems. However, the treatment and management of SCTD and population screening are controversial despite the potential risk of progression to overt disease, and there is no consensus on the thyroid hormone and thyrotropin cutoff values at which treatment should be contemplated. Opinions differ regarding tissue effects, symptoms, signs, and cardiovascular risk. Here, we critically review the data on the prevalence and progression of SCTD, its tissue effects, and its prognostic implications. We also examine the mechanisms underlying tissue alterations in SCTD and the effects of replacement therapy on progression and tissue parameters. Lastly, we address the issue of the need to treat slight thyroid hormone deficiency or excess in relation to the patient's age.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Cardiac AEs, including tachycardia, palpitations and atrial fibrillation, arise from increased myocardial oxygen consumption and enhanced β‐adrenergic sensitivity.”
From Risk of cardiac, neuropsychiatric and musculoskeletal adverse events with levothyroxine: Systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Serum free T 4 and free T 3 levels are generally normal to low-normal in people with the latter conditions [3,5,18] .”
From The 2015 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on Diagnosis and Treatment of Endogenous Subclinical Hyperthyroidism (2015) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Finally, subnormal serum TSH concentrations are frequently observed in black people and in some healthy cigarette smokers [3,5,25] .”
From The 2015 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on Diagnosis and Treatment of Endogenous Subclinical Hyperthyroidism (2015) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“The degree of TSH suppression is the best parameter for predicting the progression from subclinical to overt hyperthyroidism [3,5,18,31] .”
From The 2015 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on Diagnosis and Treatment of Endogenous Subclinical Hyperthyroidism (2015) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“These results are consistent with literature observing changes in type I interferon activity (Li et al. 2015) and thyroid hormone signaling with aging (Biondi and Cooper 2008; Gesing et al. 2012; Visser et al. 2016), as well as our differential expression analysis.”
From Murine single-cell RNA-seq reveals cell-identity- and tissue-specific trajectories of aging (2019) · cites this paper as Biondi and Cooper 2008
In the citing paper
“Differences in the degree of TSH suppression, causes of SHyper, patient age and duration of TSH suppression may influence the adverse consequences of Endo SHyper [3,5,30] .”
From The 2015 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on Diagnosis and Treatment of Endogenous Subclinical Hyperthyroidism (2015) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“SHyper may progress to overt hyperthyroidism and may be associated with increased cardiovascular and skeletal risk [3,5,18] .”
From The 2015 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on Diagnosis and Treatment of Endogenous Subclinical Hyperthyroidism (2015) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Endogenous SHyper is most commonly due to Graves' disease (GD), toxic adenoma (TA) and toxic multinodular goitre (MNG) [3,5] ( table 1 ).”
From The 2015 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on Diagnosis and Treatment of Endogenous Subclinical Hyperthyroidism (2015) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Suppression of TSH may also be iatrogenic (exogenous) due to thyroid hormone overtreatment, either intentionally (in patients with thyroid cancer), unintentionally (in patients with hypothyroidism) or surreptitiously [2,3] ( table 1 ).”
From The 2015 European Thyroid Association Guidelines on Diagnosis and Treatment of Endogenous Subclinical Hyperthyroidism (2015) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“In addition, increased arterial stiffness and a low renin state are contributory factors leading to blood pressure and vascular dysregulation due to the lack of the normal vasodilatory effects of T 3 (4,43)”
From Thyroid Hormones and Cardiovascular Function and Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Trials of levothyroxine in SCH using surrogate markers have shown improvement in LV function, vascular endothelial function, atherogenic lipid particles, or cardiac mitochondrial function (4,91,105-108).”
From Thyroid Hormones and Cardiovascular Function and Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Consequently, definitions of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism were adjusted, introducing new laboratory-based and TSH-derived disease entities of subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, which are defined by an abnormal TSH level while FT3 and FT4 still dwell within their reference ranges (176–178).”
From Homeostatic control of the thyroid-pituitary axis: perspectives for diagnosis and treatment (2015) · cites this paper as [177]
Citations
Cites
Haugen, B. R., Alexander, E. K., Bible, K. C., Doherty, G. M., Mandel, S. J., Nikiforov, Y. E., Pacini, F., Randolph, G. W., Sawka, A. M., Schlumberger, M., et al. (2016) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0020 · Cited by 16,535
O'Leary, D. H., Polak, J. F., Kronmal, R. A., Manolio, T. A., Burke, G. L., & Wolfson, S. K. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199901073400103 · Cited by 4,685
Hollowell, J. G., Staehling, N. W., Flanders, W. D., Hannon, W. H., Gunter, E. W., Spencer, C. A., & Braverman, L. E. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.87.2.489 · Cited by 4,279
Laurent, S., Boutouyrie, P., Asmar, R., Gautier, I., Laloux, B., Guize, L., Ducimetiere, P., & Benetos, A. (2001) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.37.5.1236 · Cited by 3,856
The Colorado Thyroid Disease Prevalence Study
Canaris, G. J., Manowitz, N. R., Mayor, G., & Ridgway, E. C. (2000) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.160.4.526 · Cited by 2,824
THE SPECTRUM OF THYROID DISEASE IN A COMMUNITY: THE WHICKHAM SURVEY
Tunbridge, W. M. G., Evered, D. C., Hall, R., Appleton, D. R., BREWIS, M., CLARK, F., Evans, J. G., Young, E. T., Bird, T., & Smith, P. (1977) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1977.tb01340.x · Cited by 2,665
Haddow, J. E., Palomaki, G. E., Allan, W. C., Williams, J. R., Knight, G. J., Gagnon, J., O'Heir, C. E., Mitchell, M. L., Hermos, R. J., Waisbren, S. E., et al. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199908193410801 · Cited by 2,558
The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham Survey
Vanderpump, M. P. J., Tunbrldge, W. M. G., French, J. M., Appleton, D., Bates, D., Clark, F., Evans, J. G., Hasan, D. M., Rodgers, H., Tunbridge, F., et al. (1995) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb01894.x · Cited by 2,432
Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system.
Klein, I., & Ojamaa, K. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200102153440707 · Cited by 2,300
Hyperhomocysteinemia: An Independent Risk Factor for Vascular Disease
Clarke, R., Daly, L., Robinson, K., Naughten, E. R., Cahalane, S. F., Fowler, B., & Graham, I. M. (1991) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199104253241701 · Cited by 2,160
Flagged first, then by citations
11 of the 539 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 14
- Knudsen, 2005, Elevated blood pressure is associated with small differences in TSH in a general population, Thyroid, 15, S10
- Grabe, 2005, Mental and physical complaints in thyroid disorders in the general population, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 112, 286, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00586.x · DOI
- Billewicz, 1969, Statistical methods applied to the diagnosis of hypothyroidism, Q J Med, 38, 255
- Muller, 2001, Haemostatic profile in hypothyroidism as potential risk factor for vascular or thrombotic disease, Eur J Clin Invest, 31, 131, 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2001.00777.x · DOI · Paper page
- Glinoer, 1995, The thyroid in pregnancy: a European perspective, Thyroid Today, 18, 1
- Glinoer, 1994, Risk of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnant women with asymptomatic autoimmune thyroid disorders, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 79, 197
- Paoli-Valeri, 2005, Atherogenic lipid profile in children with subclinical hypothyroidism, An Pediatr (Barc), 62, 12812
- Gharib, 1999, Subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy: position statement from the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Endocr Pract, 5, 367
- Helfand, 2004, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Screening for subclinical thyroid dysfunction in nonpregnant adults: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Ann Intern Med, 140, 128, 10.7326/0003-4819-140-2-200401200-00015 · DOI
- Pearce, 1984, Total and free thyroid hormone concentrations in patients receiving maintenance replace-ment treatment with thyroxine, Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 288, 693, 10.1136/bmj.288.6418.693 · DOI
- Saggese, 1996, Bone mineral density in adolescent females treated with L-thyroxine; a longitudinal study, Eur J Pediatr, 155, 452, 10.1007/BF01955180 · DOI
- Taelman, 1990, Reduced forearm bone mineral content and biochemical evidence of increased bone turnover in women with euthyroid goiter treated with thyroid hormone, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 33, 107, 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1990.tb00471.x · DOI
- Reverter, 2005, Lack of deleterious effect on bone mineral density of long-term thyroxine suppressive therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma, Endocr Relat Cancer, 12, 973, 10.1677/erc.1.01072 · DOI
- Rosen, 1992, Longitudinal changes in lumbar bone density among thyrotoxic patients after attainment of euthyroidism, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 75, 1531
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 1,001
Bours, S. P. G., van Geel, T. A. C. M., Geusens, P. P. M. M., Janssen, M. J. W., Janzing, H. M. J., Hoffland, G. A., Willems, P. C., & van den Bergh, J. P. W. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-2135 · Cited by 131
Biondi, B., & Cooper, D. S. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp1709318 · Cited by 135
Self-citationSubclinical hypothyroidism and functional mobility in older adults
Simonsick, E. M. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.392 · Cited by 129
A digital microfluidic electrochemical immunoassay
Shamsi, M. H., Choi, K., Ng, A. H. C., & Wheeler, A. R. (2013) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c3lc51063h · Cited by 128
Hyland, K. A., Arnold, A. M., Lee, J. S., & Cappola, A. R. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2180 · Cited by 127
Shin, D., Lee, M. J., Lee, H. S., Oh, H. J., Ko, K. I., Kim, C. H., Doh, F. M., Koo, H. M., Kim, H. R., Han, J. H., et al. (2013) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2012.0475 · Cited by 126
Combination Treatment with T4 and T3: Toward Personalized Replacement Therapy in Hypothyroidism?
Biondi, B., & Wartofsky, L. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-3399 · Cited by 124
Self-citationThe thyroid gland and the process of aging; what is new?
Gesing, A., Lewiñski, A., & Karbownik‐Lewińska, M. (2012) · Thyroid Research · doi:10.1186/1756-6614-5-16 · Cited by 125
Gender differences in thyroid system function: relevance to bipolar disorder and its treatment
Bauer, M., Glenn, T., Pilhatsch, M., Pfennig, A., & Whybrow, P. C. (2013) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12150 · Cited by 126
Vadiveloo, T., Donnan, P. T., Cochrane, L., & Leese, G. P. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0854 · Cited by 118
Changes in the prevalence of hypothyroidism: the HUNT Study in Norway
Åsvold, B. O., Vatten, L. J., & Bjøro, T. (2013) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-13-0459 · Cited by 118
Goldman, S., McCarren, M., Morkin, E., Ladenson, P. W., Edson, R., Warren, S., Ohm, J., Thai, H., Churby, L., Barnhill, J., et al. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.834424 · Cited by 117
Subclinical hypothyroidism in childhood — current knowledge and open issues
Salerno, M., Capalbo, D., Cerbone, M., & Luca, F. D. (2016) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.100 · Cited by 118
Hypothyroidism and Thyroiditis
Brent, G. A., & Davies, T. F. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0324-5.00013-4 · Cited by 115
Mazziotti, G., Porcelli, T., Patelli, I., Vescovi, P. P., & Giustina, A. (2010) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2009.10.031 · Cited by 113
Hypothyroidism in the older population
Leng, O., & Razvi, S. (2019) · Thyroid Research · doi:10.1186/s13044-019-0063-3 · Cited by 112
Thyroid Hormone Therapy for Obesity and Nonthyroidal Illnesses: A Systematic Review
Kaptein, E. M., Beale, E., & Chan, L. S. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0899 · Cited by 110
Ratziu, V., Scanlan, T. S., & Bruinstroop, E. (2024) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2024.10.018 · Cited by 118
Kim, W. G., Kim, W. B., Woo, G.-J., Kim, H.-J., Cho, Y., Kim, T. Y., Kim, S. W., Shin, M., Park, J. W., Park, H., et al. (2017) · Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.3803/enm.2017.32.1.106 · Cited by 110
Thyroid hormone therapy for hypothyroidism
Biondi, B., & Cooper, D. S. (2019) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-019-02023-7 · Cited by 112
Self-citationPark, Y. J., Lee, E., Lee, Y. J., Choi, S. H., Park, J. H., Lee, S. B., Lim, S. K., Lee, W., Jang, H. C., Cho, B. Y., et al. (2009) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2009.05.015 · Cited by 110
Benetti‐Pinto, C. L., Piccolo, V. B., Garmes, H. M., & Juliato, C. R. T. (2012) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.10.006 · Cited by 107
Åsvold, B. O., Bjøro, T., Platou, C., & Vatten, L. J. (2012) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04477.x · Cited by 107
More similar than you think: Frog metamorphosis as a model of human perinatal endocrinology
Buchholz, D. R. (2015) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.02.018 · Cited by 105
Alteration of Lipid Profile in Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Meta-Analysis
Xu, J. (2014) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.891163 · Cited by 111
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Subclinical Thyroid Disease
Kim, Y. A., & Park, Y. J. (2014) · Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.3803/enm.2014.29.1.20 · Cited by 109
Cerbone, M., Bravaccio, C., Capalbo, D., Polizzi, M., Wasniewska, M. G., Cioffi, D., Improda, N., Valenzise, M., Bruzzese, D., Luca, F. D., et al. (2011) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-10-0979 · Cited by 99
Complex relationship between free thyroxine and TSH in the regulation of thyroid function
Hoermann, R., Eckl, W., Hoermann, C., & Larisch, R. (2010) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-10-0106 · Cited by 101
Radetti, G., Maselli, M., Buzi, F., Corrias, A., Mussa, A., Cambiaso, P., Salerno, M., Cappa, M., Baiocchi, M., Gastaldi, R., et al. (2011) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04251.x · Cited by 101
Monzani, A., Prodam, F., Rapa, A., Moia, S., Agarla, V., Bellone, S., & Bona, G. (2012) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-12-0656 · Cited by 101
Natural history, diagnosis and management of subclinical thyroid dysfunction
Biondi, B. (2012) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2011.12.004 · Cited by 98
Self-citationThyroid function in childhood obesity and metabolic comorbidity
Pacifico, L., Anania, C., Ferraro, F., Andreoli, G. M., & Chiesa, C. (2011) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2011.11.013 · Cited by 98
Rhee, C. M., Brent, G. A., Kovesdy, C. P., Soldin, O. P., Nguyen, D. V., Budoff, M. J., Brunelli, S. M., & Kalantar‐Zadeh, K. (2014) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfu024 · Cited by 103
Royland, J. E., Parker, J. S., & Gilbert, M. E. (2008) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01793.x · Cited by 99
Sun, J., Yao, L., Fang, Y., Yang, R., Chen, Y., Yang, K., & Tian, L. (2017) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2017/8130796 · Cited by 101
Adequacy of thyroid hormone replacement in a general population
Okosieme, O. E., Belludi, G., Spittle, K., Kadiyala, R., & Richards, J. (2011) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcq222 · Cited by 96
Cerbone, M., Capalbo, D., Wasniewska, M. G., Raso, G. M., Alfano, S., Meli, R., Luca, F. D., & Salerno, M. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1761 · Cited by 94
Free thyroxine is an independent predictor of subcutaneous fat in euthyroid individuals
Alevizaki, M. K., Saltiki, K., Voidonikola, P. T., Mantzou, A., Papamichael, C. M., & Stamatelopoulos, K. S. (2009) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-09-0441 · Cited by 97
McAninch, E. A., Rajan, K. B., Miller, C. H., & Bianco, A. C. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-01361 · Cited by 94
The Thyroid in Mind: Cognitive Function and Low Thyrotropin in Older People
Gan, E. H., & Pearce, S. H. S. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2284 · Cited by 93
Bissell, M. G. (2010) · Yearbook of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1077-9108(09)79368-5 · Cited by 92
Managing thyroid disease in general practice
Walsh, J. P. (2016) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja16.00545 · Cited by 96
Chaker, L., Baumgartner, C., den Elzen, W. P. J., Collet, T.-H., Ikram, M. A., Blum, M. R., Dehghan, A., Drechsler, C., Luben, R. N., Portegies, M. L. P., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2255 · Cited by 92
Genetic determination of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis: where do we stand?
Medici, M., Visser, W. E., Visser, T. J., & Peeters, R. P. (2015) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2014-1081 · Cited by 92
Thyroid Function and Left Ventricular Structure and Function in the Framingham Heart Study
Pearce, E. N., Yang, Q., Benjamin, E. J., Aragam, J., & Vasan, R. S. (2010) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2009.0272 · Cited by 92
Diagnostik, Therapie und Verlaufskontrolle des Diabetes mellitus im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Neu, A., Bürger-Büsing, J., Danne, T., Dost, A., Holder, M., Holl, R. W., Holterhus, P., Kapellen, T., Karges, B., Kordonouri, O., et al. (2016) · Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel · doi:10.1055/s-0042-111213 · Cited by 91
Levothyroxine treatment of mild subclinical hypothyroidism: a review of potential risks and benefits
Javed, Z., & Sathyapalan, T. (2015) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/2042018815616543 · Cited by 91
Segna, D., Bauer, D. C., Feller, M., Schneider, C., Fink, H. A., Aubert, C. E., Collet, T. ‐., da Costa, B. R., Fischer, K., Peeters, R. P., et al. (2018) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12688 · Cited by 87
Subclinical hypothyroidism: summary of evidence in 2014
Baumgartner, C., Blum, M. R., & Rodondi, N. (2014) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.4414/smw.2014.14058 · Cited by 90
Metabolic Plasticity of Astrocytes and Aging of the Brain
Morita, M., Ikeshima‐Kataoka, H., Kreft, M., Vardjan, N., Zorec, R., & Noda, M. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20040941 · Cited by 88
Nanotoxicity: A Growing Need for Study in the Endocrine System
Lu, X., Liu, Y., Kong, X., Lobie, P. E., Chen, C., & Zhu, T. (2013) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.201201517 · Cited by 89
Levine, R. J., VATTEN, L. J., Horowitz, G., Qian, C., Romundstad, P., Yu, K., Hollenberg, A. N., Hellevik, A. I., Åsvold, B. O., & Karumanchi, S. A. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b4336 · Cited by 92
Rosario, P. W. (2010) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03696.x · Cited by 88
Subclinical hypothyroidism, mood, and cognition in older adults: a review
Joffe, R. T., Pearce, E. N., Hennessey, J. V., Ryan, J. J., & Stern, R. A. (2012) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.3796 · Cited by 88
Yeap, B. B., Alfonso, H. S., Chubb, S. A. P., Puri, G., Hankey, G. J., Flicker, L. A., & Almeida, O. P. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2108 · Cited by 89
The Normal TSH Reference Range: What Has Changed in the Last Decade?
Biondi, B. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-2760 · Cited by 88
Self-citationThe TSH upper reference limit: where are we at?
Laurberg, P., Andersen, S., Carlé, A., Karmisholt, J., Knudsen, N., & Pedersen, I. B. (2011) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.13 · Cited by 86
Karmisholt, J., Andersen, S., & Laurberg, P. (2011) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-10-1021 · Cited by 86
Thyroid Function and Mortality in Older Men: A Prospective Study
Waring, A. C., Harrison, S., Samuels, M. H., Ensrud, K. E., LeBlanc, E. S., Hoffman, A. R., Orwoll, E., Fink, H. A., Barrett-Connor, E., Bauer, D. C., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2684 · Cited by 86
Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction and the Risk for Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Wirth, C. D., Blum, M. R., da Costa, B. R., Baumgartner, C., Collet, T.-H., Medici, M., Peeters, R. P., Aujesky, D., Bauer, D. C., & Rodondi, N. (2014) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m14-0125 · Cited by 85
Li, H., Zhang, Z., Dong, Z., Ma, M., Yang, W.-Z., Han, C., Du, M.-M., Liu, Y., Yang, H., Liu, W., et al. (2011) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.110.608471 · Cited by 85
Gagnon, A., Antunes, T. T., Ly, T., Pongsuwan, P., Gavin, C., Lochnan, H. A., & Sorisky, A. (2009) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2009.08.018 · Cited by 85
Dekkers, O. M., Horváth–Puhó, E., Cannegieter, S. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., Sørensen, H. T., & Jørgensen, J. O. L. (2016) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-16-0576 · Cited by 85
Thyroid dysfunction in the elderly
Boelaert, K. (2013) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2013.30 · Cited by 84
Jung, K. Y., Ahn, H. Y., Han, S. K., Park, Y. J., Cho, B. Y., & Moon, M. K. (2017) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2017.08.015 · Cited by 87
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Thyroid Dysfunction in Older Adults in the Community
Diab, N., Daya, N. R., Juraschek, S. P., Martin, S. S., McEvoy, J. W., Schultheiß, U. T., Köttgen, A., & Selvin, E. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49540-z · Cited by 86
Feldthusen, A.-D., Pedersen, P. L., Larsen, J., Kristensen, T. T., Ellervik, C., & Kvetny, J. (2015) · Journal of Pregnancy · doi:10.1155/2015/132718 · Cited by 83
The Interplay Between Thyroid Dysfunction and Kidney Disease
Narasaki, Y., Sohn, P., & Rhee, C. M. (2021) · Seminars in Nephrology · doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2021.03.008 · Cited by 84
Thvilum, M., Brandt, F., Almind, D., Christensen, K., Hegedűs, L. D., & Brix, T. H. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3375 · Cited by 83
Hypothyroidism and hypertension
Stabouli, S., Papakatsika, S., & Kotsis, V. (2010) · Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.1586/erc.10.141 · Cited by 87
Hypothyroidism Following Hemithyroidectomy: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Clinical Characteristics
Ahn, D., Sohn, J. H., & Jeon, J. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2015-3997 · Cited by 82
The Impact of Hashimoto Thyroiditis on Thyroid Nodule Cytology and Risk of Thyroid Cancer
de Morais, N. S., Stuart, J. C., Guan, H., Wang, Z., Cibas, E. S., Frates, M. C., Benson, C. B., Cho, N. L., Nehs, M. A., Alexander, C. A., et al. (2019) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/js.2018-00427 · Cited by 81
Yuan, S., Kar, S., Vithayathil, M. K., Carter, P., Mason, A. M., Burgess, S., & Larsson, S. C. (2020) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.32988 · Cited by 81
Cognitive function in untreated hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
Samuels, M. H. (2008) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0b013e32830eb84c · Cited by 83
Natural History of Mild Subclinical Hypothyroidism: Prognostic Value of Ultrasound
Rosário, P. W., Bessa, B., Valadão, M. M. A., & Purisch, S. (2008) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2008.0221 · Cited by 78
Kahaly, G. J., Bartalena, L., & Hegedüs, L. (2011) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2011.2106.ed3 · Cited by 80
The Role of Thyroid Hormones in Heart Failure
Vale, C., Neves, J. S., von Hafe, M., Borges‐Canha, M., & Leite-Moreira, A. F. (2019) · Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10557-019-06870-4 · Cited by 78
Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Tang, R., Wang, J., Yang, L., Ding, X., Zhong, Y., Pan, J., Yang, H., Mu, L., Chen, X., & Chen, Z. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00340 · Cited by 80
Yeap, B. B., Alfonso, H. S., Hankey, G. J., Flicker, L. A., Golledge, J., Norman, P. E., & Chubb, S. A. P. (2013) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-13-0306 · Cited by 80
Thyroid hormones and the cardiovascular system: Pathophysiology and interventions
Cini, G., Carpi, A., Mechanick, J. I., Cini, L., Camici, M., Galetta, F., Giardino, R., Russo, M. A., & Iervasi, G. (2009) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2009.08.003 · Cited by 80
A review of the evidence for and against increased mortality in hypothyroidism
Thvilum, M., Brandt, F., Brix, T. H., & Hegedűs, L. D. (2012) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2012.29 · Cited by 77
Ma, R., Morshed, S., Latif, R., Zaidi, M., & Davies, T. (2011) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2010.0457 · Cited by 79
Khan, R., Sikanderkhel, S., Gui, J., Adeniyi, A.-R., O’Dell, K., Erickson, M., Malpartida, J. C., Mufti, Z., Khan, T., Mufti, H., et al. (2020) · Cardiology Research · doi:10.14740/cr1034 · Cited by 80
Giannetta, E., Gianfrilli, D., Barbagallo, F., Isidori, A. M., & Lenzi, A. (2012) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2011.12.005 · Cited by 76
Utilização dos testes de função tireoidiana na prática clínica
de Carvalho, G. A., Perez, C. L. S., & Ward, L. S. (2013) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-27302013000300005 · Cited by 115
The EANM guideline on radioiodine therapy of benign thyroid disease
Campennì, A., Avram, A. M., Verburg, F. A., Iakovou, I. P., Hänscheid, H., de Keizer, B., Ovčariček, P. P., & Giovanella, L. (2023) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-023-06274-5 · Cited by 87
Diagnosis and Management of Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Elderly Adults: A Review of the Literature
Hennessey, J. V., & Espaillat, R. (2015) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.13532 · Cited by 75
Associations between subclinical thyroid disease and metabolic syndrome
Wang, C., Chang, T., & Chen, M.-F. (2012) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.ej12-0076 · Cited by 75
Abonowara, A., Quraishi, A. U. R., Sapp, J. L., Alqambar, M. H., Saric, A., O’Connell, C. M., Rajaraman, M. M., Hart, R. D., & Imran, S. A. (2012) · Clinical and investigative medicine · doi:10.25011/cim.v35i3.16591 · Cited by 73
Nicoletti, A., Bal, M. O., Marco, G. D., Baldazzi, L., Agretti, P., Menabò, S., Ballarini, E., Cicognani, A., Tonacchera, M., & Cassio, A. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0618 · Cited by 74
Chaker, L., Buitendijk, G. H. S., Dehghan, A., Medici, M., Albert Hofman, D., Vingerling, J. R., Franco, O. H., Klaver, C. C. W., & Peeters, R. P. (2015) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0329-0 · Cited by 75
Barbesino, G. (2018) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000490911 · Cited by 73
Imaizumi, M., Sera, N., Ueki, I., Horie, I., Ando, T., Usa, T., Ichimaru, S., Nakashima, E., Hida, A., Soda, M., et al. (2011) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2010.0411 · Cited by 73
Park, Y. J., Yoon, J. W., Kim, K. I., Lee, Y. J., Kim, K. W., Choi, S. H., Lim, S. K., Choi, D., Park, K., Choh, J. H., et al. (2009) · The Annals of Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.03.032 · Cited by 73
Macro TSH in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism
Hattori, N., Ishihara, T., Yamagami, K., & Shimatsu, A. (2014) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12643 · Cited by 73
Stress hormones, sleep deprivation and cognition in older adults
Maggio, M. G., Colizzi, E., Fisichella, A., Valenti, G., Ceresini, G., Dall’Aglio, E., Ruffini, L., Lauretani, F., Parrino, L., & Ceda, G. P. (2013) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.06.006 · Cited by 79
Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the risk of stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Chaker, L., Baumgartner, C., Ikram, M. A., Dehghan, A., Medici, M., Visser, W. E., Hofman, A., Rodondi, N., Peeters, R. P., & Franco, O. H. (2014) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-014-9946-8 · Cited by 72
Thyroxine replacement: a clinical endocrinologist’s viewpoint
Eligar, V, Taylor, P., Okosieme, O., Leese, G., & Dayan, C. (2016) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1177/0004563216642255 · Cited by 72
Tognini, S., Polini, A., Pasqualetti, G., Ursino, S., Caraccio, N., Ferdeghini, M., & Monzani, F. (2012) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2012.0013 · Cited by 72
Pajamäki, N., Metso, S., Hakala, T., Ebeling, T., Huhtala, H., Ryödi, E., Sand, J. A., Jukkola‐Vuorinen, A., Kellokumpu‐Lehtinen, P., & Jaatinen, P. (2017) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.13519 · Cited by 72
Metadata
- Authors
- Biondi, B., & Cooper, D. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Naples Federico II (IT)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- Endocrine Reviews
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2007-11-08
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 76-131
- ISSN
- 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7189
- OpenAlex
- W2043015190
- Cited by
- 1,418
- References
- 539
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 83 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 82 · 2013: 96 · 2012: 101
- FWCI
- 8.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- subclinical thyroid dysfunction, subclinical hyperthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, free T3, cardiovascular risk, bone metabolism, thyroid hormone replacement, thyroid screening, tissue effects
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Calcification, Physiologic, Cardiovascular Diseases, Child, Child, Preschool, Cognition, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothalamus, Hypothyroidism, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Middle Aged, Pituitary Gland, Quality of Life, Reference Values, Risk Factors, Thyroid Diseases, Thyroid Gland, Thyrotropin, Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, Neonatal Screening, MEDLINE
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
