Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system.
Abstract
Thyroid hormone has many effects on the heart and vascular system.1 Many of the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism are due to the ability of thyroid hormone to alter cardiovascular hemodynamics.2 The hemodynamic effects of hypothyroidism are opposite to those of hyperthyroidism, although the clinical manifestations are less obvious. This review will integrate what is known about the mechanisms of thyroid hormone action on the heart25 with recent observations from both experimental and clinical studies of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. We will also address the potential role of thyroid hormone treatment in patients with acute or chronic cardiac disease.Effects of . . .
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In the hyperthyroid state, an increase in renin release secondary to the hormone-dependent decrease in systemic vascular resistance may stimulate the angiotensin-aldosterone axis and sodium reabsorption.
“in the hyperthyroid state the increase in renin release secondary to the hormone-dependent decrease in systemic vascular resistance may stimulate the angiotensin-aldosterone axis and consequently sodium reabsorption (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23).”
From The Role of Thyroid Hormone in Blood Pressure Homeostasis: Evidence from Short-Term Hypothyroidism in Humans (2002) · cites this paper as [13]
T3 has a vasodilatory effect on arterioles.
“T 3 has also a vasodilatory effect on arterioles, which is mediated by a direct effect on vascular smooth muscle cells that promotes relaxation, by local heat production, and possibly by  2receptor stimulation (11)(12)(13).”
From The Role of Thyroid Hormone in Blood Pressure Homeostasis: Evidence from Short-Term Hypothyroidism in Humans (2002) · cites this paper as [13]
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Differential regulation of SR calcium transporters by thyroid hormone in rat atria and ventricles
Shenoy, R., Klein, I., & Ojamaa, K. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.2001.281.4.h1690 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationInoue, K., Tsujimoto, T., Saito, J., & Sugiyama, T. (2016) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0156 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
A low fT3 level as a prognostic marker in patients with acute myocardial infarctions
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Fatigue, endocrinopathies, and metabolic disorders
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Sinus tachyarrhythmias and the specific bradycardic agents: a marriage made in heaven?
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- Authors
- Klein, I., & Ojamaa, K.
- Affiliations
- North Shore University Hospital (US)
- ORCID
- Ojamaa, Kaie
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2001-02-15
- Volume
- 344
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 501-509
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2325705904
- Cited by
- 2,300
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 96 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 89 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 117 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 132 · 2014: 103 · 2013: 112 · 2012: 87
- FWCI
- 10.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- thyroid hormones, cardiovascular system, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, cardiac hemodynamics, vascular system, heart disease, thyroid hormone replacement
- MeSH terms
- Amiodarone, Anti-Arrhythmia Agents, Arrhythmias, Cardiac, Atrial Fibrillation, Heart, Heart Diseases, Heart Failure, Hemodynamics, Humans, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Myocardial Contraction, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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