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Cited by 1,223Thyroid Disorders and TreatmentsReproductive System and PregnancyReproductive Health and Technologies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 399 of the 399 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Thyroid Function and Human Reproductive Health

Krassas, G. E., Poppe, K., Glinoer, D.·2010·Endocrine Reviews
DOI 10.1210/er.2009-0041
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Abstract

Via its interaction in several pathways, normal thyroid function is important to maintain normal reproduction. In both genders, changes in SHBG and sex steroids are a consistent feature associated with hyper- and hypothyroidism and were already reported many years ago. Male reproduction is adversely affected by both thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism. Erectile abnormalities have been reported. Thyrotoxicosis induces abnormalities in sperm motility, whereas hypothyroidism is associated with abnormalities in sperm morphology; the latter normalize when euthyroidism is reached. In females, thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism can cause menstrual disturbances. Thyrotoxicosis is associated mainly with hypomenorrhea and polymenorrhea, whereas hypothyroidism is associated mainly with oligomenorrhea. Thyroid dysfunction has also been linked to reduced fertility. Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation leads to important increases in estradiol, which in turn may have an adverse effect on thyroid hormones and TSH. When autoimmune thyroid disease is present, the impact of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation may become more severe, depending on preexisting thyroid abnormalities. Autoimmune thyroid disease is present in 5–20% of unselected pregnant women. Isolated hypothyroxinemia has been described in approximately 2% of pregnancies, without serum TSH elevation and in the absence of thyroid autoantibodies. Overt hypothyroidism has been associated with increased rates of spontaneous abortion, premature delivery and/or low birth weight, fetal distress in labor, and perhaps gestation-induced hypertension and placental abruption. The links between such obstetrical complications and subclinical hypothyroidism are less evident. Thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy is due to Graves’ disease and gestational transient thyrotoxicosis. All antithyroid drugs cross the placenta and may potentially affect fetal thyroid function.

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399 of 399 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Citations

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Items 201–399 of 399

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Research works printed but not linked: 15

  1. Pontikides, 1990, The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in hyperthyroid female patients before and after treatment, J Endocrinol Invest, 13, 203
  2. Basedow, 1840, Exophthalmus durch Hypertrophie des Zellgewebes in der Augenhoehle., Wochenschrift fuer die Gesamte Heilkunde, 6, 197
  3. Pontikides, 1990, The LH, FSH, PRL and progesterone levels in thyrotoxic female patients before and after treatment, J Endocrinol Invest, 13, 164
  4. Health Phys, 12, 239
  5. Krassas, 2000, Thyroid disease, menstrual function and fertility., Thyroid International, 1, 1
  6. Poppe, 2008, Thyroid autoimmunity and female infertility., Thyroid International, 4, 1
  7. Glinoer, 2010, The usefulness of serum TSH determinations in pregnancy: how, when, and to what purpose?, Nat Rev Endocrinol 10.1038/nrendo.2010.91 · DOI
  8. Leung, 1993, Perinatal outcome in hypothyroid women., Obstet Gynecol, 81, 349
  9. Glinoer, 1995, The thyroid in pregnancy: a European perspective., Thyroid Today, 18, 1
  10. Lazarus, 2004, Controlled Antenatal Thyroid Screening Study (CATS): thyroid hormone concentrations during gestation. (, Abstract 148, 76th annual meeting of American Thyroid Association) Thyroid, 14, 730
  11. 2007, Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination, A guide for program managers. 3rd ed., Geneva, WHO
  12. Stagnaro-Green, 2009, TSH abnormalities and fetal loss. A concise review., Clin Thyroidol, 21, 3
  13. ACOG news release 2007 Routine thyroid screening not recommended for pregnant women
  14. 2010, FDA Statement (Medwatch Online) 2009 Information for healthcare professionals—propylthiouracil-induced liver failure
  15. Klasco RK 2005 REPROTOX (database Greenwood Village, CO), Thomson Micromedex

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Metadata

Authors
Krassas, G. E., Poppe, K., & Glinoer, D.
Affiliations
  • Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (G.E.K.), Panagia General Hospital, 55132 Thessaloniki, Greece;
  • Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann (BE)
  • Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Pierre (BE)
ORCID
Poppe, K.
Venue
Endocrine Reviews
Publisher
The Endocrine Society
Published
2010-10-01
Volume
31
Issue
5
Pages
702-755
ISSN
  • 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
  • 1945-7189
DOI
10.1210/er.2009-0041
OpenAlex
W1968156993
Cited by
1,223
References
399
Citations by year
2026: 43 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 91 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 121 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 80 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 78 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 53
FWCI
7.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion)
  • VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Reproductive System and Pregnancy
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Health and Technologies
Keywords
thyroid function, reproductive health, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyrotoxicosis, sex hormone-binding globulin, sex steroids, male fertility, sperm motility, sperm morphology, menstrual irregularity, fertility, controlled ovarian stimulation, estradiol, thyroid-stimulating hormone, autoimmune thyroid disease, pregnancy, hypothyroxinemia, miscarriage, preterm birth, low birth weight, Graves' disease, antithyroid drugs, placental transfer, fetal thyroid function
MeSH terms
Animals, Female, Humans, Infertility, Male, Pregnancy, Reproduction, Thyroid Diseases, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Hormones

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