Structural and functional biology of aldo-keto reductase steroid transforming enzymes

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Increased Survival with Enzalutamide in Prostate Cancer after Chemotherapy

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Abiraterone and Increased Survival in Metastatic Prostate Cancer

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Development of a second-generation antiandrogen for treatment of advanced prostate cancer.

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The Enzymes, Regulation, and Genetics of Bile Acid Synthesis

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Mineralocorticoid action: target tissue specificity is enzyme, not receptor, mediated

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Short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR)

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Increased Expression of Genes Converting Adrenal Androgens to Testosterone in Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer

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Medium- and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase gene and protein families: The SDR superfamily: functional and structural diversity within a family of metabolic and regulatory enzymes

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Human steroid biosynthesis, metabolism and excretion are differentially reflected by serum and urine steroid metabolomes: a comprehensive review

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11-Oxygenated androgens in health and disease

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The Biosynthesis of Enzymatically Oxidized Lipids

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Aldo-Keto Reductases and Cancer Drug Resistance

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Microbial Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: From Alpha to Omega

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AKR1C1 Protects Corneal Epithelial Cells Against Oxidative Stress-Mediated Ferroptosis in Dry Eye

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Conversion of Classical and 11-Oxygenated Androgens by Insulin-Induced AKR1C3 in a Model of Human PCOS Adipocytes

Paulukinas, R. D., Mesaros, C., & Penning, T. M. (2022) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqac068 · Cited by 63

Development of Novel AKR1C3 Inhibitors as New Potential Treatment for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Endo, S., Oguri, H., Segawa, J., Kawai, M., Hu, D., Xia, S., Okada, T., Irie, K., Fujii, S., Gouda, H., et al. (2020) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00939 · Cited by 64

Gut feelings about bacterial steroid-17,20-desmolase

Ly, L. K., Doden, H. L., & Ridlon, J. M. (2021) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2021.111174 · Cited by 45

Pleiotropic Actions of Aldehyde Reductase (AKR1A)

Fujii, J., Homma, T., Miyata, S., & Takahashi, M. (2021) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo11060343 · Cited by 44

Pyridine Moiety: An Insight into Recent Advances in the Treatment of Cancer

Sahu, R., Mishra, R., Kumar, R., Salahuddin, S., Majee, C., Mazumder, A., & Kumar, A. (2021) · Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1389557521666210614162031 · Cited by 39

AKR1C3 regulated by NRF2/MAFG complex promotes proliferation via stabilizing PARP1 in hepatocellular carcinoma

Pan, D., Yang, W., Zeng, Y., Qin, H., Xu, Y., Gui, Y., Fan, X., Tian, G., Wu, Y., Sun, H., et al. (2022) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/s41388-022-02379-7 · Cited by 37

Self-cascade deoxynivalenol detoxification by an artificial enzyme with bifunctions of dehydrogenase and aldo/keto reductase from genome mining

Niu, J., Yan, R., Zhou, H., Ma, B., Lu, Z., Meng, F., Lü, F., & Ping, Z. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129512 · Cited by 35

Hormone-linked redox status and its modulation by antioxidants

Sahoo, D. K., & Chainy, G. B. N. (2023) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2022.10.007 · Cited by 34

Cytochrome P450 and Other Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes As Therapeutic Targets

Foti, R. (2023) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.122.001011 · Cited by 31

Integration of androgen hormones in endometrial cancer biology

Gjorgoska, M., & Rižner, T. L. (2022) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2022.06.001 · Cited by 28

Targeting sex steroid biosynthesis for breast and prostate cancer therapy

POUTANEN, M. H., Thulin, M. H., & Härkönen, P. L. (2023) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41568-023-00609-y · Cited by 31

Inflammation dynamically regulates steroid hormone metabolism and action within macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis

Martin, C., Crastin, A., Sagmeister, M. S., Kalirai, M. S., Turner, J. D., MacDonald, L., Kurowska‐Stolarska, M., Scheel‐Toellner, D., TAYLOR, A. E. R., Gilligan, L. C., et al. (2024) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103263 · Cited by 26

AKR1C3 Is Associated with Better Survival of Patients with Endometrial Carcinomas

Hojnik, M., Šuster, N. K., Smrkolj, Š., Grazio, S. F., Verdenik, I., & Rižner, T. L. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9124105 · Cited by 26

Aldo-keto reductases: Role in cancer development and theranostics

Nagini, S., Kallamadi, P. R., Tanagala, K. K. K., & Reddy, G. B. (2024) · Oncology Research Featuring Preclinical and Clinical Cancer Therapeutics · doi:10.32604/or.2024.049918 · Cited by 28

The role of 5-reduction in physiology and metabolic disease: evidence from cellular, pre-clinical and human studies

Nikolaou, N., Hodson, L., & Tomlinson, J. (2021) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105808 · Cited by 26

Aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily website and database: An update

Huacachino, A. A., Joo, J., Narayanan, N., Tehim, A., Himes, B. E., & Penning, T. M. (2024) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111111 · Cited by 27

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells preferentially activate 11-oxygenated androgens

Schiffer, L., Bossey, A., Kempegowda, P., TAYLOR, A. E. R., Akerman, İ., Scheel‐Toellner, D., Storbeck, K., & Arlt, W. (2021) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-20-1077 · Cited by 22

Germline Mutations in Steroid Metabolizing Enzymes: A Focus on Steroid Transforming Aldo-Keto Reductases

Detlefsen, A. J., Paulukinas, R. D., & Penning, T. M. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24031873 · Cited by 23

Bioinformatics analysis of ferroptosis-related gene AKR1C3 as a potential biomarker of asthma and its identification in BEAS-2B cells

Wang, Y., Fan, J., Yu, T., Wang, L., Wang, L., Weng, C., Lai, C., Song, J., & Zhang, W. (2023) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106740 · Cited by 21

Progesterone and its receptor signaling in cervical remodeling: Mechanisms of physiological actions and therapeutic implications

Tripathy, S., Nallasamy, S., & Mahendroo, M. (2022) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106137 · Cited by 19

Electrochemical Biosensing of Glucose Based on the Enzymatic Reduction of Glucose

Soranzo, T., Tahar, A. B., Chmayssem, A., Zelsmann, M., Vadgama, P. M., Lenormand, J., Cinquin, P., Martin, D. K., & Zebda, A. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22197105 · Cited by 19

Insulin-Induced AKR1C3 Induces Fatty Acid Synthase in a Model of Human PCOS Adipocytes

Paulukinas, R. D., & Penning, T. M. (2023) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqad033 · Cited by 19

Hepatic miR-378 modulates serum cholesterol levels by regulating hepatic bile acid synthesis

Sun, C., Liu, W., Lu, Z., Li, Y., Liu, S., Tang, Z., Yan, Y., Li, Z., Feng, H., Zhang, D., et al. (2021) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.53624 · Cited by 19

AKR1C1/2 inhibition by MPA sensitizes platinum resistant ovarian cancer towards carboplatin

Badmann, S., Mayr, D. C., Schmoeckel, E., Hester, A., Buschmann, C., Beyer, S., Kolben, T., Kraus, F. B. T., Chelariu-Raicu, A., Burges, A., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05785-9 · Cited by 18

Regulation Network and Prognostic Significance of Aldo-Keto Reductase (AKR) Superfamily Genes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Dai, T., Ye, L., Yu, H., Li, K., Li, J., Liu, R., Lü, X. C., Deng, M., Li, R., Liu, W., et al. (2021) · Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma · doi:10.2147/jhc.s323743 · Cited by 17

X-ray structure of human aldo–keto reductase 1C3 in complex with a bile acid fused tetrazole inhibitor: experimental validation, molecular docking and structural analysis

Marinović, M. A., Bekić, S. S., Kugler, M., Brynda, J., Škerlová, J., Škorić, D., Řezáčová, P., Petri, E. T., & Ćelić, A. S. (2022) · RSC Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d2md00387b · Cited by 17

Pyridine Moiety: Recent Advances in Cancer Treatment

Sahu, R., Mishra, R., Kumar, R., Majee, C., Salahuddin, S., MAZUMDER, A., & Kumar, A. (2021) · Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.763 · Cited by 16

Progesterone Metabolism by Human and Rat Hepatic and Intestinal Tissue

Coombes, Z., Plant, K., Freire, C., Basit, A. W., Butler, P. J., Conlan, R. S., & González, D. (2021) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13101707 · Cited by 16

5β-Dihydrosteroids: Formation and Properties

Penning, T. M., & Covey, D. F. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25168857 · Cited by 15

Porcine aldo-keto reductase 1C subfamily members AKR1C1 and AKR1C4: Substrate specificity, inhibitor sensitivity and activators

Endo, S., Morikawa, Y., Matsunaga, T., Hara, A., & Nishinaka, T. (2022) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106113 · Cited by 16

Effects of Pregnanolone Glutamate and Its Metabolites on GABA A and NMDA Receptors and Zebrafish Behavior

Abramova, V., Alvarado, V. L., Hill, M., Smejkalová, T., Malý, M., Valeš, K., Dittert, I., Božíková, P., Kysilov, B., Krausová, B. H., et al. (2023) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00131 · Cited by 14

Advances in aldo-keto reductases immobilization for biocatalytic synthesis of chiral alcohols

Zhang, W., Shao, Z.-Q., Wang, Z., Ye, Y., Li, S., & Wang, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133264 · Cited by 14

Transcript Levels of Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Subfamily C (AKR1C) Are Increased in Prostate Tissue of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Frankó, A., Berti, L., Hennenlotter, J., Rausch, S., Scharpf, M. O., de Angelis, M. H., Stenzl, A., Birkenfeld, A. L., Peter, A., Lutz, S. Z., et al. (2020) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm10030124 · Cited by 14

The Neuroactive Steroid Pregnanolone Glutamate: Anticonvulsant Effect, Metabolites and Its Effect on Neurosteroid Levels in Developing Rat Brains

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Analogues of Natural Chalcones as Efficient Inhibitors of AKR1C3

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Aldo-Keto Reductase 1C3 Inhibitor Prodrug Improves Pharmacokinetic Profile and Demonstrates In Vivo Efficacy in a Prostate Cancer Xenograft Model

Krishnaiah, M., Jonnalagadda, S. K., Morsy, A., Duan, L., Chhonker, Y. S., Murry, D. J., Penning, T. M., & Trippier, P. C. (2023) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00732 · Cited by 13

4-Deoxy-l-erythro-5-hexoseulose Uronate (DEH) and DEH Reductase: Key Molecule and Enzyme for the Metabolism and Utilization of Alginate

Kawai, S., & Hashimoto, W. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27020338 · Cited by 12

Relevance of Human Aldoketoreductases and Microbial β-Glucuronidases in Testosterone Disposition

Basit, A., Amory, J. K., Mettu, V. S., Li, C. Y., Heyward, S. A., Jariwala, P. B., Redinbo, M. R., & Prasad, B. (2023) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.122.000975 · Cited by 13

Novel D-modified heterocyclic androstane derivatives as potential anticancer agents: Synthesis, characterization, in vitro and in silico studies

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Function, drug resistance and prognostic effect of AKR1C2 in human cancer

Wang, Z., Feng, Y., Song, J., Sun, D., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Neoplasma · doi:10.4149/neo_2023_230206n66 · Cited by 12

The Role of Prostaglandins as Major Inflammatory Mediators in Colorectal Cancer

Macia-Guardado, M., Lutz, V., Hengstschläger, M., & Dolznig, H. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262412191 · Cited by 17

Genome-wide analysis revealed the stepwise origin and functional diversification of HSDs from lower to higher plant species

Saleem, N., Aziz, U., Ali, M., Liu, X., Alwutayd, K. M., Alshegaihi, R. M., Niedbała, G., Elkelish, A., & Zhang, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1159394 · Cited by 11

Differential activity and expression of human 5β-reductase (AKR1D1) splice variants

Appanna, N., Gibson, H., Gangitano, E., Dempster, N. J., Morris, K., George, S., Arvaniti, A., Gathercole, L., Keevil, B. G., Penning, T. M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/jme-20-0160 · Cited by 11

Functional Protein Composition in Femoral Glands of Sand Lizards (Lacerta agilis)

Ibáñez, A., Skupień-Rabian, B., Jankowska, U., Kędracka–Krok, S., Zając, B., & Pabijan, M. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27072371 · Cited by 11

Characterization of the major single nucleotide polymorphic variants of aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase)

Detlefsen, A. J., Wangtrakuldee, P., & Penning, T. M. (2022) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106121 · Cited by 12

Investigation of the Potential of Bile Acid Methyl Esters as Inhibitors of Aldo‐keto Reductase 1C2: Insight from Molecular Docking, Virtual Screening, Experimental Assays and Molecular Dynamics

Marinović, M., Petri, E. T., Grbović, L. M., Vasiljević, B., Jovanović-Šanta, S., Bekić, S. S., & Ćelić, A. S. (2022) · Molecular Informatics · doi:10.1002/minf.202100256 · Cited by 12

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel D-ring fused steroidal N (2)-substituted-1,2,3-triazoles

Tenjović, B., Bekić, S. S., Ćelić, A. S., Petri, E. T., Scholda, J., Kopp, F. B., Sakač, M. N., & Nikolić, A. R. (2024) · RSC Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d4md00297k · Cited by 10

Relationship between cholestasis and altered progesterone metabolism in the placenta-maternal liver tandem

Sanchon-Sanchez, P., Herráez, E., Macı́as, R. I. R., Estiú, M. C., Fortes, P., Monte, M. J., Marı́n, J. J. G., & Romero, M. R. (2023) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166926 · Cited by 10

Synthesis and Medicinal Applications of Fenamic Acid Derivatives

Sharma, M., & Prasher, P. (2023) · Current Organic Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1385272827666230914113509 · Cited by 9

AKR1B10 and digestive tumors development: a review

Shen, Y., Qiu, A., Huang, X., Wen, X., Shehzadi, S., He, Y., Hu, Q., Zhang, J., Luo, D., & Yang, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1462174 · Cited by 9

AKR1B10 as a novel prognostic biomarker linking methylation and immune escape in hepatocellular carcinoma

Khan, M. N., Binli, M., Hu, J., Mengjia, S., Shunyao, W., & Li, X. (2025) · Discover Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12672-025-03017-w · Cited by 9

SRSF3-Mediated Ki67 Exon 7-Inclusion Promotes Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression via Repressing AKR1C2

Liu, M., Lin, C., Huang, Q.-W., Jia, J., Guo, J., & Jia, R. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24043872 · Cited by 9

Role of Human Aldo–Keto Reductases in the Nitroreduction of 1-Nitropyrene and 1,8-Dinitropyrene

Su, A. L., Mesaros, C., Krzeminski, J., El‐Bayoumy, K., & Penning, T. M. (2022) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00271 · Cited by 11

5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid Controls Androgen Reduction in Diverse Types of Human Epithelial Cells

Hardaway, A., Goudarzi, M., Berk, M. P., Chung, Y., Zhang, R., Li, J., Klein, E. A., & Sharifi, N. (2022) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqac191 · Cited by 9

Pregnane X receptor (PXR) deficiency promotes hepatocarcinogenesis via induction of Akr1c18 expression and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) levels

Shi, T., Fan, Q., Liu, S., & Zhang, S. (2024) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116309 · Cited by 8

Adaptive loss of shortwave-sensitive opsins during cartilaginous fish evolution

Zhang, B., Feng, Y., Lv, M., Jia, L., Liao, Y., Xu, X., Meyer, A., Sun, J., Fan, G., Li, Y., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-62544-w · Cited by 9

A dirigent protein redirects extracellular terpenoid metabolism for defense against biotic challenges

Lin, J., Wu, W., Nie, G., Li, J., Fang, X., Sheng, Y.-G., Wang, M., Zheng, Q.-Y., Guo, X., Huang, J., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-64323-z · Cited by 9

Pharmacology and therapeutics of bile acid synthesis and modification enzymes in metabolic diseases

Ding, L., Jin, L., & Huang, W. (2026) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.pharmr.2026.100115 · Cited by 9

Sex-specific hypnotic effects of the neuroactive steroid (3β,5β,17β)-3-hydroxyandrostane-17-carbonitrile are mediated by peripheral metabolism into an active hypnotic steroid

Manzella, F. M., Cabrera, O. H., Wilkey, D., Fine-Raquet, B., Klawitter, J., Krishnan, K., Covey, D. F., Jevtović‐Todorović, V., & Todorovic, S. M. (2022) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2022.09.025 · Cited by 8

Long read sequencing characterises a novel structural variant, revealing underactive AKR1C1 with overactive AKR1C2 as a possible cause of severe chronic fatigue

Oakley, J., Hill, M., Giess, A. P., Tanguy, M., & Elgar, G. (2023) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-023-04711-5 · Cited by 9

Specific and potent inhibition of steroid hormone pre-receptor regulator AKR1C2 by perfluorooctanoic acid: Implications for androgen metabolism

Huacachino, A. A., Chung, A., Sharp, K. A., & Penning, T. M. (2024) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106641 · Cited by 8

Quantitative Analysis of mRNA and Protein Expression Levels of Aldo-Keto Reductase and Short-Chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase Isoforms in the Human Intestine

Hirosawa, K., Fujioka, H., Morinaga, G., Fukami, T., Ishiguro, N., Kishimoto, W., Nakase, H., Mizuguchi, H., & Nakajima, M. (2023) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.123.001402 · Cited by 8

A three-level regulatory mechanism of the aldo-keto reductase subfamily AKR12D

Xiao, Z., Zha, J., Yang, X., Huang, T., Huang, S., Liu, Q., Wang, X., Zhong, J., Zheng, J., Liang, R., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46363-z · Cited by 8

Chemical Diversity of Ketosteroids as Potential Therapeutic Agents

Dembitsky, V. M. (2024) · Microbiology Research · doi:10.3390/microbiolres15030103 · Cited by 9

Emerging small-molecule AKR1C3 inhibitors development for cancer therapy: Progress from 2021 to 2025

Gao, H.-N., Wu, X.-S., Pan, Z.-J., Liu, H.-M., Chen, K.-Q., Teng, M.-X., Zhao, J.-T., Zhou, J., You, Q.-D., & Zhang, C. (2025) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2025.118490 · Cited by 8

Profiling steroid hormone landscape of bladder cancer reveals depletion of intratumoural androgens to castration levels: a cross-sectional study

Kettunen, K., Mathlin, J., Lamminen, T., Laiho, A., Häkkinen, M. R., Auriola, S. O. K., Elo, L. L., Boström, P. J., POUTANEN, M. H., & Taimen, P. (2024) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105359 · Cited by 6

Assessment of the inhibitory potential of anabolic steroids towards human AKR1D1 by computational methods and in vitro evaluation

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Combined MD and QM/MM Investigations of Hydride Reduction of 5α-Dihydrotestosterone Catalyzed by Human 3α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 3: Importance of Noncovalent Interactions

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