Cited by 753Thyroid Disorders and TreatmentsRegulation of Appetite and ObesityAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Small Differences in Thyroid Function May Be Important for Body Mass Index and the Occurrence of Obesity in the Population

Knudsen, Nils, Laurberg, Peter, Rasmussen, Lone B., Bülow, Inge, Perrild, Hans, Ovesen, Lars, Jørgensen, Torben·2005·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

DOI 10.1210/jc.2004-2225

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

CONTEXT: Increasing prevalence of overweight in the population is a major concern globally; and in the United States, nearly one third of adults were classified as obese at the end of the 20th century. Few data have been presented regarding an association between variations in thyroid function seen in the general population and body weight. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between thyroid function and body mass index (BMI) or obesity in a normal population. DESIGN: A cross-sectional population study (The DanThyr Study) was conducted. PARTICIPANTS: In all, 4649 participants were investigated, and 4082 were eligible for these analyses after exclusion of subjects with previous or present overt thyroid dysfunction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The study examined the association between category of serum TSH or serum thyroid hormones and BMI or obesity in multivariate models, adjusting for possible confounding. RESULTS: We found a positive association between BMI and category of serum TSH (P < 0.001) and a negative association between BMI and category of serum free T(4) (P < 0.001). No association was found between BMI and serum free T(3) levels. The difference in BMI between the groups with the highest and lowest serum TSH levels was 1.9 kg/m(2), corresponding to a difference in body weight of 5.5 kg among women. Similarly, the category of serum TSH correlated positively with weight gain during 5 yr (P = 0.04), but no statistically significant association was found with weight gain during 6 months (P = 0.17). There was an association between obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m(2)) and serum TSH levels (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that thyroid function (also within the normal range) could be one of several factors acting in concert to determine body weight in a population. Even slightly elevated serum TSH levels are associated with an increase in the occurrence of obesity.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1210/jc.2004-2225

Cites

39 of 39 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000
Flegal, K. M. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.14.1723 · Cited by 6,190
The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham Survey
Vanderpump, M. P. J., Tunbrldge, W. M. G., French, J. M., Appleton, D., Bates, D., Clark, F., Evans, J. G., Hasan, D. M., Rodgers, H., Tunbridge, F., et al. (1995) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb01894.x · Cited by 2,432
Subclinical Thyroid Disease: Scientific Review and Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management
Surks, M. I., Ortiz, E., Daniels, G. H., Sawin, C. T., Col, N. F., Cobin, R. H., Franklyn, J. A., Hershman, J. M., Burman, K. D., Denke, M. A., et al. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.2.228 · Cited by 1,800
Subclinical hypothyroidism is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in elderly women: the Rotterdam Study
Hak, A. E., Pols, H. A. P., Visser, T. J., Drexhage, H. A., Hofman, A., & Witteman, J. C. M. (2000) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-132-4-200002150-00004 · Cited by 1,336
Recombinant human leptin in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea
Welt, C. K., Chan, J. L., Bullen, J., Murphy, R., Smith, P., DePaoli, A. M., Karalis, A., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa040388 · Cited by 908
Thyroid Status, Disability and Cognitive Function, and Survival in Old Age
Gussekloo, J. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.21.2591 · Cited by 899
The role of falling leptin levels in the neuroendocrine and metabolic adaptation to short-term starvation in healthy men
Chan, J. L., Heist, K., DePaoli, A. M., Veldhuis, J. D., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci17490 · Cited by 697
Narrow Individual Variations in Serum T4and T3in Normal Subjects: A Clue to the Understanding of Subclinical Thyroid Disease
Andersen, S., Pedersen, K. M., Bruun, N. H., & Laurberg, P. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.87.3.8165 · Cited by 686
Self-citation
Estimation of Tissue Hypothyroidism by a New Clinical Score: Evaluation of Patients with Various Grades of Hypothyroidism and Controls
Zulewski, H., Müller, B., Exer, P., Miserez, A. R., & Staub, J.-J. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.3.3810 · Cited by 391
Subclinical hyperthyroidism and the risk of dementia. The Rotterdam study
Kalmijn, S., Mehta, K. M., Pols, H. A. P., Albert Hofman, D., Drexhage, H. A., & Breteler, M. M. B. (2000) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.01146.x · Cited by 319

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 39 references

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 753

Adolescents’ overweight and obesity among Alabnaa schools in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
Rofayda, M., Dahi, S. K. A., Eman, G. A., Rami, M. A., Sanna, H., Malak, M., & Fatma, A. (2017) · Saudi Journal of Obesity · doi:10.4103/sjo.sjo_17_16 · Cited by 6
Serum Spot 14 concentration is negatively associated with thyroid-stimulating hormone level
Chen, Y.-T., Tseng, F., Chen, P., Chi, Y.-C., Han, D., & Yang, W. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000005036 · Cited by 6
Relation between diabetes mellitus, thyroid hormones and caffeine
da Silva, L. D., Wouk, J., Weber, V. M. R., Malfatti, C., & Osiecki, R. (2017) · Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science · doi:10.7324/japs.2017.70334 · Cited by 9
“Thyroid hormones (TH) regulate essential metabolic process to a normal growth and development, they also regulate the organism metabolism, correlating the body weight and the expenditure of energy (Knudsen et al., 2005; Fox et al., 2008; Iwen et al., 2013; Gnocchi et al., 2016).”
Background
Assessment of iodine nutritional status and gestational thyroid function reference ranges during the first trimester of pregnancy in Taiwan
Su, G.-Y., Yeh, C., Yang, S.-J., Yang, C., Hwu, C., Wang, F., & Huang, C.-J. (2024) · Journal of the Chinese Medical Association · doi:10.1097/jcma.0000000000001099 · Cited by 5
Gestational diabetes: a contributor to long-term thyroid dysfunction and disease
Shih, Y., Hsieh, C.-J., Wang, S.-J., Lu, C., & Tseng, J.-J. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1656498 · Cited by 5
Affects of thyroid function and maternal urinary iodine on neonatal weights
Das, R. N., & Mukhopadhyay, B. B. (2009) · Journal of Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jnn.2009.07.012 · Cited by 5
Etiology of obesity
Mehrzad, R. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818839-2.00004-1 · Cited by 7
Hypothyroidism and obesity: Is there a bidirectional link? What is the impact on our clinical practice?
Aurangabadkar, G., & Boddu, S. K. (2020) · Thyroid Research and Practice · doi:10.4103/trp.trp_59_20 · Cited by 6
Thyroid hormones and BMI in obese children: One year follow up results
Ekinci, F., Uzuner, A., Merder-Coşkun, D., Turgut, B., & Tosun, N. (2015) · Marmara medical journal · doi:10.5472/mmjoa.2803.02 · Cited by 5
Plasma Levels of Free Thyroxine and Risk of Major Bleeding in Bariatric Surgery
Elbers, L. P. B., Boon, H. A., Moes, M. I., van Zaane, B., Brandjes, D. P. M., Fliers, E., Buller, H. R., Cannegieter, S. C., & Gerdes, V. E. A. (2016) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1159/000446431 · Cited by 5
Hypothyroidism in polycystic ovarian syndrome: a comparative study of clinical characteristics, metabolic and hormonal parameters in euthyroid and hypothyroid polycystic ovarian syndrome women
Ramanand, S. J., Raparti, G., Halasawadekar, N. R., Ramanand, J. B., Kumbhar, A. V., & Shah, R. D. (2016) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20163008 · Cited by 5
Low-Normal Free Thyroxine Levels in Euthyroid Male Are Associated with Prediabetes
Kim, S. W., Jeon, J., Moon, J. S., Jeon, E. J., Kim, M.-K., Lee, I., Seo, J. B., & Park, K. (2019) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2018.0222 · Cited by 6
Patterns of Bodyweight Changes in Patients With Hypothyroidism, a Retrospective Study From Basrah, Southern Iraq
Alidrisi, H. A., Odhaib, S. A., Altemimi, M. T., & Mansour, A. A. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.15408 · Cited by 5
“The low metabolic rate expanded water and fat mass; excess accumulation of water-binding glycosaminoglycans in patients with longstanding and severe hypothyroidism might contribute to the BWT changes towards more overweight, with different degrees of association [6,7,12,22,23].”
BackgroundInfluential
Endocrine Disorders Accompanying Obesity - Effect or Cause?
Kuryłowicz, A. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.98793 · Cited by 6
The relationship between thyroid hormones and lipid profile in subclinical hypothyroidism female patients
Jawzal, K. H., Hami, M. A., Mohammed, L. Y., & Ibrahiem, A. (2022) · Baghdad Journal of Biochemistry and Applied Biological Sciences · doi:10.47419/bjbabs.v3i03.137 · Cited by 5
Obesity and Thyroid Function
Altunoğlu, E., Ülgen, E., Müderrisoğlu, C., Erdenen, F., & Boz, M. (2011) · Istanbul Medical Journal · doi:10.5505/1304.8503.2011.88597 · Cited by 5
Is there a correlation between body mass index and thyroid stimulating hormone?
Ranabir, S., Archana, N., Ipsita, R., Naorem, S., & Prasad, L. (2019) · Endocrinology&Metabolism International Journal · doi:10.15406/emij.2019.07.00262 · Cited by 5
Obesity and Thyroid Function
Ceccarini, G., Basolo, A., & Santini, F. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09045-0_4 · Cited by 5
Acute results and long-term follow-up of patients with accompanying myocarditis after viral respiratory or gastrointestinal tract infection
Jeserich, M., Olschewski, M., Kimmel, S., Bode, C., & Geibel, A. (2014) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.04.196 · Cited by 5
Serum Levels of Follistatin Are Positively Associated With Serum-Free Thyroxine Levels in Patients With Hyperthyroidism or Euthyroidism
Tseng, F., Chen, Y.-T., Chi, Y.-C., Chen, P., & Yang, W. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000002661 · Cited by 5
“These findings are comparable to those reported by previous studies.(25,30,35) The differences in BMI, T-C, and LDL-C levels between the HY and EU groups became insignificant at the 6th month.”
Result
Body composition changes across a spectrum of hypothyroidism severity - a systematic review and meta-analysis
Kretli-Souza, D., Paulino, N. E., Asevedo, R. A., Lemos, S. C. L., Meireles-Oliveira, G., Alves-Silva, Y., Hortêncio-Medeiros, I. R., Coimbra, C. C., Garcia, R. A. P., Drummond, L. R., et al. (2025) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-025-09988-z · Cited by 4
“Additionally, even mild TSH elevations have been linked to higher BW [15, 73], suggesting that mild thyroid dysfunction may promote weight gain.”
The Influence of Thyroid Dysfunction on Body Composition and Weight Trajectory
Jonklaas, J. (2025) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2025.11.012 · Cited by 4
Maternal Hypothyroidism-Developing Dyslipidemia: What is the Connection?
(2018) · ARC Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.20431/2455-1538.0401001 · Cited by 4
“In addition, Knudsen et al (2005) recorded that any change in the activities of the thyroid gland can be harmful to the body mass index (BMI) and cause obesity.”
Background
The Relationship and Mechanisms Between Body Mass Index and Autoimmune Hypothyroidism: Insights from Mendelian Randomization
Yang, Y., Li, R., & Yang, W. (2025) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-025-07681-3 · Cited by 4
“Multiple studies have also found a negative correlation between serum-free T4 and BMI [8–11].”
Does Bariatric Surgery Impact Hypothyroidism and Vice Versa? Results of a Prospective Comparative Study
Misra, S., Christinajoice, S., Saravana Kumar, S., Prabhakaran, S., L, J. L. X., & Raj, P. (2025) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-025-08109-8 · Cited by 6
“Therefore, weight loss in these patients could stimulate changes in thyroid hormone levels [12].”
Impact of obesity on the thyroid profile, long-term experience at the General Hospital of Mexico, Ó?Dr. Eduardo LiceagaÓ�
Sosa-López, J. G., Alarcón-González, P., Sánchez-Hernández, V. H., Cruz-Estrada, A., Aguilar-Serralde, C. A., & Velasco-Medina, A. A. (2021) · Revista Médica Del Hospital General De México · doi:10.24875/hgmx.20000012 · Cited by 6
Relationship Between Thyroid Hormone and Liver Steatosis Analysis Parameter in Obese Participants: A Case-Control Study
Chen, S., Jin, Y., Xu, M., Zhang, P., Zhou, Y., Qian, X., Song, Q., Bu, S., Sun, J., & Li, L. (2022) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s356882 · Cited by 4
High frequency of autoimmune thyroiditis in euthyroid girls with premature adrenarche
Kyritsi, E. M., Vasilakis, I.-A., Kosteria, I., Mantzou, A., Gryparis, A., Kassi, E. N., Kaltsas, G., & Kanaka‐Gantenbein, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2023.1064177 · Cited by 5
“BMI was positively correlated with TSH and negatively with serum fT4 levels in both adults and children (50, 51), suggesting that mild variations in thyroid function even within the reference range may influence the regulation of body weight or, inversely, may be influenced by the body weight (51).”
BackgroundInfluential
C-reactive Protein Levels in Patients With Autoimmune Hypothyroidism Before and After Levothyroxine Treatment
Vudu, S., & Behnke, A. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.50848 · Cited by 9
“The consequences of SH are numerous: progression to overt hypothyroidism, reproductive disorders, and, in some studies, increased body weight [3,4].”
Background
Hypothyroidism in Metabolic Syndrome
Verma, D. P., Chaudhary, S. C., Singh, A., Sawlani, K. K., Gupta, K. K., Usman, K., Reddy, H. D., Patel, M. L., Verma, S., & Atam, V. (2024) · Annals of African Medicine · doi:10.4103/aam.aam_25_24 · Cited by 4
“[8] In this study, the total cholesterol, TGL, and waist circumference were significantly higher and HDL level was significantly lower in patients with hypothyroidism than the euthyroid group.”
Trends of Serum Thyrotropin Concentration and Associated Factors in Urban Pakistan (Karachi)
Riaz, M., Salman, A., Fawwad, A., Hydrie, M. Z. I., Ahmadani, M. Y., Basit, A., & Shera, A. S. (2009) · Intern J Endocrinol Metab · Cited by 4
Hypothyroidism and the Metabolic Syndrome
Kannan, L. (2017) · Endocrinology&Metabolism International Journal · doi:10.15406/emij.2017.05.00115 · Cited by 4
Relationship of thyroid function with body fat, waist circumference, sub-cutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in eu-thyroid female subjects
Mukherjee, S., Deoghuria, D., & Mukhopadhyay, D. (2019) · International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20190930 · Cited by 4
Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy May Have Long-Term Effects on Metabolic Parameters
Lee, S. Y. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa198 · Cited by 4
Genetically Determined Higher TSH Is Associated With a Lower Risk of Diabetes Mellitus in Individuals With Low BMI
Bos, M. M., van Vliet, N. A., Mooijaart, S. P., Noordam, R., & van Heemst, D. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab277 · Cited by 5
“Observationally, obesity is associated with higher levels of TSH (and lower levels of fT4), though the direction of causation is still unclear (10, 11).”
Background
Low serum TSH levels are associated with low values of fat-free mass and body cell mass in the elderly
Ittermann, T., Markus, M. R. P., Bahls, M., Felix, S. B., Steveling, A., Nauck, M. A., Völzke, H., & Dörr, M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90178-7 · Cited by 5
Obesity-diabetes-endocrinopathy – the metabolic connection
Kozakowski, J., Dudek, P., & Zgliczyński, W. (2022) · European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.15584/ejcem.2022.4.12 · Cited by 4
Association of vitamin D with triglyceride-glucose index and cardiometabolic risk factors in subclinical hypothyroidism
Mahat, R. K., Panda, G., Nayak, B. P., & Panda, S. (2023) · Human Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.hnm.2023.200226 · Cited by 4
Thyrotropin levels and their relationship with cardiovascular risk factors in the island of Gran Canaria, Spain. Implications of lowering the upper reference limit of thyrotropin stimulating hormone
Alberiche, M., Boronat, M., Saavedra, P., Pérez, N. C., Marrero, D., López-Plasencia, Y., Varillas, V. F., Ríos, M., & Novoa, F. J. (2009) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03345695 · Cited by 4
Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypothyroidism
Ashraff, S., & Razvi, S. (2018) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45013-1_14 · Cited by 4
Obesity in Autoimmune Diseases
Versini, M., Jeandel, P., Rosenthal, É., & Shoenfeld, Y. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814307-0.00035-9 · Cited by 5
Iodine
Antonyak, H., Iskra, R., & Lysiuk, R. (2018) · Healthy ageing and longevity · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03742-0_10 · Cited by 4
Avaliação do peso corporal em pacientes com doença de Graves durante o tratamento com metimazol
Moretto, R. L., Pedro, A. B. P., Leite, A. C., & Romaldini, J. H. (2012) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-27302012000600004 · Cited by 4
Redistribution of body composition in patients with Graves’ disease after iodine-131 treatment
Xie, L.-J., Zhou, H.-J., Li, J., Zhang, F., Zeng, F.-W., Qin, L.-P., Chen, Y., Yuan, H.-J., & Cheng, M.-H. (2014) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.232 · Cited by 4
Cardiac autonomic dysfunction in young obese males is not associated with disturbances in pituitary-thyroid axis hormones.
AL-Trad, B., Faris, M. E., AlSmadi, M. A., Bashir, A. H., Mansi, M., Alaraj, M., & Al-Hazimi, A. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 4
Thyroid and polycystic ovary syndrome
Zaletel, K., Theiler‐Schwetz, V., Pieber, T. R., Obermayer-Pietsch, B. M., & Lerchbaum, E. (2015) · Cited by 4
The thyroid-liver axis in MASLD: From metabolic control to clinical translation
Chouik, Y., Caussy, C., & Tacke, F. (2026) · Med · doi:10.1016/j.medj.2026.101173 · Cited by 4
Gestational trimester-specific reference ranges for serum thyrotropin and free thyroxine in Japanese
FUSE, Y., Ito, Y., Shishiba, Y., & Irie, M. (2022) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.ej22-0237 · Cited by 3
“, ethnic‐ ity [28-33], inter- or intra-individual variation, body mass index [34, 35], TPOAb status [36], iodine defi‐ ciency [37], iron deficiency [38, 39], and assay methods [40-42].”
Method
Influence of the TAS2R38 Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Metabolism and Anthropometry in Thyroid Dysfunction
Costa, M., da Silva, A. P., Santos, A. C., Ferreira, J. T., Mascarenhas, M. R., Bicho, M., & Barbosa, A. P. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15092214 · Cited by 3
Prescription Thyroid Replacement Does Not Affect Outcomes in an Intensive Weight Reduction Program
Dembrowski, G. C., & Barnes, J. W. (2019) · Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1249/tjx.0000000000000092 · Cited by 3
Inhibition of Thyroid Hormone Signaling in the Zona Incerta Alters Basal Metabolic Rate, Behavior, and Serum Glucocorticoids in Male Mice
Maier, J., Dore, R., Oelkrug, R., Glatzel, A., Lena, C. A., Binder, S., Schwaninger, M., Oster, H., Backes, H., & Mittag, J. (2024) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2024.0209 · Cited by 3
“4 Although some of these effects have been thoroughly studied, such as energy expenditure modulation 5 and body weight change, 6 other aspects of the ﬁ eld remain poorly understood.”
Euthyroid Nodular Disease in Relation to Insulin Resistance
Ahmad, O., Saghier, E., Abdel, Z., Hassan, B., Mahmoud, A., & Shawky, A. M. (2015) · Cited by 3
Iodine Status of Rural School children in Vhembe District of Limpopo Province, South Africa
Solomon, M. N., Getrude, M., Pieter, L., Lesly, M., & Amey, A. K. A. (2014) · Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal · doi:10.12944/crnfsj.2.2.07 · Cited by 3
“It has been shown that urinary iodine is related to growth and BMI in both children and adults (Knudsen et al., 2005).”
Background
Obesogens in Adolescence: Challenging Aspects and Prevention Strategies
Nicolaou, M., Toumba, M., Kythreotis, A., Daher, H., & Skordis, N. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11050602 · Cited by 2
“Being a key regulator of metabolism, any alteration in thyroid levels could dysregulate the basal metabolic rate and lead to BMI changes [36,40,41].”
Background
Association between oxidative balance score and thyroid function and all-cause mortality in euthyroid adults
Xiao, Q., Zhang, Z., Ji, S., Li, M., Zhang, B., Xu, Q., Xiao, C., Guan, H., Ma, L., & Mei, X. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-90491-5 · Cited by 3
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in hypothyroid patients under Levothyroxine therapy
Takır, M., & Kızılgül, M. (2018) · Medeniyet Medical Journal · doi:10.5222/mmj.2018.02700 · Cited by 3
The pituitary‐thyroid axis set point in women is uninfluenced by X chromosome inactivation pattern? A twin study
Brix, T. H., Hansen, P. S., Kyvik, K. O., & Hegedűs, L. D. (2010) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03848.x · Cited by 3
Quelle pertinence accorder au taux circulant de TSH ?
Donadio, S., Chikh, K., Iss, C., Kuczewski, E., Gauchez, A., Ronin, C., & Charrié, A. (2013) · Immuno-analyse & Biologie Spécialisée · doi:10.1016/j.immbio.2013.03.007 · Cited by 3
Şişman çocuklarda hafif TSH yüksekliği: Nasıl bir sorun?
Mutlu, G. Y., Özsu, E., Çizmecioğlu, F., & Hatun, Ş. (2011) · Türk Pediatri Arşivi · doi:10.4274/tpa.46.06 · Cited by 3
Niveles de hormonas tiroideas en niños obesos
B, T. S., S, J. G., Hernán García, B., & Salesa Barja, Y. (2014) · Revista chilena de pediatría · doi:10.4067/s0370-41062014000300004 · Cited by 3
Evaluation of Leptin and HOMA-Adiponectin in Hypothyroid Infertile Females
Senghor, K. A. A., Shivasekar, M., & Vinodhini, V. M. (2020) · Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal · doi:10.13005/bpj/2071 · Cited by 4
Elevated serum Meteorin-like levels in patients with hyperthyroidism
Wen, X., Ding, X., Chang, X., Wang, J., Wang, Q., Liu, J., & Wang, G. (2022) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-022-01229-7 · Cited by 3
“It is well established that TH maintains basal metabolic rate, promotes adaptive thermogenesis, and regulates body weight by fine-tuning food intake and energy expenditure [3, 4].”
Background
Thyroid dysfunction in the era of precision medicine
Galofré, J. C., Díez, J. J., & Cooper, D. S. (2016) · Endocrinología y Nutrición (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.endoen.2016.09.004 · Cited by 3
Endocrine Disruptors and Epigenetics
Bowman, J. D., Rahman, S. M., & Choudhury, M. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527697274.ch19 · Cited by 3
Relation between Thyroid Function Tests and Body Mass Index among Thyroid Dysfunction Patients
Karim, S., Gharib, K. M., Majeed, M. H. M., Ibrahim, H. A., Sharif, B. O., Salih, D. F., & Hamasaeed, B. F. (2024) · UHD Journal of Science and Technology · doi:10.21928/uhdjst.v8n2y2024.pp1-6 · Cited by 3
“These findings are consistent with those of a cohort study undertaken by [24] in Denmark, which involved 4082 participants aged 18–65 and spanned an average follow-up duration of 5 years.”
BackgroundResult
Combined effects and potential mechanisms of volatile organic compounds on thyroid disease in the US population: An integrated epidemiological and computational toxicology study
Lu, Q., Mao, Z., Chen, Y., & Zhou, K. (2025) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118337 · Cited by 2
Discordance between knee and hand-wrist bone age in adolescents: implications for skeletal maturity assessment and its association with thyroid-stimulating hormone levels
Sun, Y., Zhou, Z., Zheng, X., Du, H., Wang, F., Chen, S., & Pan, H. (2025) · Pediatric Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00247-025-06363-7 · Cited by 2
“After adjusting for potential confounders, including sex, Tanner stage, and obesity level [23], TSH levels remained independently correlated with advanced maturity in the lower limbs.”
Thyroid antibody status, thyroid function, and the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: an individual participant data analysis from 14 cohorts
Hysaj, O., Efthimiou, O., Collet, T., Cappola, A. R., Alwan, H., Gussekloo, J., Chaker, L., Kavousi, M., Azizi, F., Köttgen, A., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvaf209 · Cited by 2
Overnutrition in mice impairs thyroid hormone biosynthesis and utilization, causing hypothyroidism, despite remarkable thyroidal adaptations
Rampy, J., Torres-Manzo, A. P., Hoffsmith, K., Loberg, M. A., Sheng, Q., Salas-Lucia, F., Bianco, A. C., Drigo, R. A. E., Wang, H., Weiss, V. L., et al. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci194207 · Cited by 2
The Relationship Between Minor Alterations in Thyroid Function in Euthyroid Patients and Obesity
Gül, Ö. Ö., Ersoy, C., Gul, C. B., Güçlü, M., İbanoğlu, M. S., Cangür, Ş., Kiyici, S. K., Cander, S., Ünal, O. K., Ertürk, E., et al. (2010) · The Endocrinologist · doi:10.1097/ten.0b013e3181fc347e · Cited by 2
Thyroid Function in Obese Children and Adolescents and its Relationships with Metabolic Parameters
Korkmaz, Ö. (2019) · The Journal of Pediatric Research · doi:10.4274/jpr.galenos.2019.61482 · Cited by 2
“Many recent cross-sectional studies reported the presence of associations between thyroid hormones and obesity (4, 5, 19-23).”
Background
Thyroid disorders in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding in tertiary care hospital in Chengalpattu district
Tamilarasi, S., Minnalkodi, S. N. S., & Prasad, G. (2020) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20203515 · Cited by 2
“No significant association is found between thyroid dysfunction and socio-economic status.(11) A family history of thyroid disorders is present in 18.”
Background
Cumulative Effects of Thyroid Hormones Over 10 Years and Risk of General and Abdominal Obesity
Mehran, L., Amouzegar, A., Gharibzadeh, S., Abdi, H., Mansournia, M. A., Tohidi, M., & Azizi, F. (2021) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/a-1393-5864 · Cited by 2
“Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 168: 323–329 [9] Knudsen N, Laurberg P, Rasmussen LB et al. Small differences in thyroid function may be important for body mass index and the occurrence of obesity in the population.”
Background
Effects of Microplastics in the Cryosphere
Ásmundsdóttir, Á. M., & Schulz, B. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10618-8_47-1 · Cited by 2
The Effect of Thyroxine Therapy on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients with Subclinical Hypothyroidism
Beysel, S., Apaydın, M., Çalışkan, M., Özbek, M., & Çakal, E. (2021) · Sağlık Bilimlerinde Değer · doi:10.33631/duzcesbed.613329 · Cited by 2
The impact of weight loss on thyroid autoimmunity - Weight loss decreases thyroid peroxidase antibody levels: a retrospective cohort study
Mutlu, H. H., & Mutlu, H. H. (2021) · The European Research Journal · doi:10.18621/eurj.792920 · Cited by 2
Correlation between Fasting Lipid, Total Body Fat, Body Mass Index and Thyroid Status Among Patients with Thyroid Disorders
Ishak, F. M., Haron, J., Mohamed, W. M. I. W., & Ismail, T. S. T. (2022) · IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia · doi:10.31436/imjm.v21i1.1867 · Cited by 2
Transcriptome Profile of Thyroid Glands in Bile Duct Ligation Mouse Model
Jo, D., Kim, H. K., Kim, Y., & Song, J. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23158244 · Cited by 2
The Role of Body Mass Index (BMI) in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Potential Prognostic Factor?
Mele, C., Marchi, L. D., Marsan, G., Zavattaro, M., Mauri, M. G., Valletti, P. A., Aimaretti, G., & Marzullo, P. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12091962 · Cited by 2
“An important role in thyroid carcinogenesis could be played by TSH, the levels of which are slightly increased in patients with obesity [33–35].”
Background
Hubungan Fungsi Tiroid dengan Energy Expenditure pada Remaja
Mexitalia, M., Fahmi, I., Susanto, R., & Yamauchi, T. (2016) · Sari Pediatri · doi:10.14238/sp12.5.2011.323-7 · Cited by 2
Thyroid hormones profile in students of Makerere College of Health Sciences in Kampala Uganda
Dika, H., Kasolo, J. N., & Bimenya, G. S. (2010) · Tanzania journal of health research/Tanzania Journal of Health Research · doi:10.4314/thrb.v12i1.56275 · Cited by 2
“Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that at the population level, small differences in thyroid function are associated with differences in clinically important parameters such as body mass index (BMI) (Knudsen et al. 2005).”
BackgroundResult
Obesity and Thyroid Functions
Alkaç, Ç., Akbaş, F., Alkaç, B., & Atmaca, H. U. (2014) · Journal of Academic Research in Medicine · doi:10.5152/jarem.2014.466 · Cited by 2
Hypothyroidism
McDermott, M., & Ridgway, E. C. (2009) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.3109/9781420070651-5 · Cited by 2
Interrelationship of serum TSH with BMI in patients with thyroid disorders
Singla, G., Bedi, G. K., Hs, S., & Vij, C. (2016) · International Journal of Medical Research and Review · doi:10.17511/ijmrr.2016.i06.13 · Cited by 1
“In subclinical hypothyroidism, for example, altered thyroid functi on with normal feedback regulation (FT 4 at the lower limit of normal range and increased TSH albeit within normal range) may be the primary event that induces alterations in energy expenditure with subsequent increase in BMI and weight [7, 8].”
Background
An Evaluation of the Metabolic Profile in Total Thyroidectomy
Zihni, İ., Zihni, B., Karaköse, O., Pülat, H., Özçelik, K. Ç., Eken, H., Duran, A., & Uslu, A. (2017) · Galician Medical Journal · doi:10.21802/gmj.2017.1.7 · Cited by 2
Thyroid and Weight
Kyriacou, A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-48559-3.00005-1 · Cited by 2
Association between Urinary Bisphenol A Concentration and Obesity Prevalence in Children and Adolescents
Mir, S. H., & Baddar, A. (2019) · Advances in environmental engineering and green technologies book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-9452-9.ch012 · Cited by 3
Tiroit hastalığı olanlarda trigliserit/glikoz indeksi insülin direnci belirteci olarak kullanılabilir mi?
AKYÜZLÜ, Z. N., & Mutlu, H. H. (2020) · Ege Tıp Dergisi · doi:10.19161/etd.790451 · Cited by 2
“Birçok çalışmada gösterilen VKİ ve TSH arasındaki ilişkinin temelinde bu patofizyolojik mekanizmaların rol aldığı düşünülmektedir (18, 19).”
Glycosylated hemoglobin – A prediction marker for the development of CVD in hypothyroid patients
Ahmad, N., Ahmad, M., & Javed, M. (2020) · International Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Research · doi:10.18231/j.ijcbr.2020.075 · Cited by 2
“20 Reference range of TSH is linearly and positively associated with body mass index(20), similarly in our study we have also found that TSH is associated with BMI.”
Result
The Biochemical Prognostic Factors of Subclinical Hypothyroidism
Lee, Y. J. (2014) · Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.3803/enm.2014.29.2.144 · Cited by 2
Thyrotropin and body mass index, are they related?
Ivo, C. R., Duarte, V., Veríssimo, D., Silva, J. S., Passos, D., Lopes, L., de Castro, J. J., & Marcelino, M. (2022) · Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1515/hmbci-2022-0002 · Cited by 3
Association between Thyroid Hormones and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis in Obese Individuals Undergoing Bariatric Surgery
Ganjooei, N. A., Jamialahmadi, T., Nematy, M., Shah, N. Z., Jangjoo, S., Emami, N., Jangjoo, A., Faridnia, R., Alidadi, M., Sathyapalan, T., et al. (2022) · Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases · doi:10.34172/mejdd.2022.302 · Cited by 2
Profiles of Thyroid Hormones in the Overweight Boys of District Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
Ayub, A., Irfan, M., Nadeem, A., Hayee, S., Akhtar, N., & Nawaz, F. (2023) · Pakistan Journal of Emerging Science and Technologies (PJEST) · doi:10.58619/pjest.v4i3.121 · Cited by 1
The First-Ever Investigation of SNP rs119461977 in SECISBP2/SBP2 Gene and its Implications for Hypothyroidism: A Novel Case–Control Research
Kaur, M., Tyagi, S., Yadav, A., & Gupta, R. (2024) · Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s12291-024-01192-1 · Cited by 2
“000) which is similar to the study conducted by Knudsen and Solanki [17, 37].”
Thyroid dysfunction in patients with metabolic syndrome in medical ICU of Zagazig university hospitals
Sadek, A. M. E. M., Khalil, O. A., Awad, M. M., Selim, F. O., & Fawzy, M. (2018) · Benha Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/bmfj.bmfj_31_18 · Cited by 2
Serum TSH levels are associated with cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese adolescents
de Souza, L. L., Guedes, E. P., Teixeira, P. F. D. S., Moreira, R. O., Godoy‐Matos, A. F., & Vaisman, M. (2016) · Jornal de Pediatria (Versão em Português) · doi:10.1016/j.jpedp.2016.06.013 · Cited by 2
Tobacco Smoking and Thyroid Function: Is Weight Gain a Confounder?
Liel, Y. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2007.15 · Cited by 2
Weight Gain and the TSH: Prevention Writer's Good Deed
Lowe, J. C. (2008) · Cited by 2
Body mass analysis in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis
Popławska‐Kita, A., Siewko, K., Telejko, B., Kościuszko-Zdrodowska, M., Hryniewicka, J., Szelachowska, M., Milewski, R. J., & Górska, M. (2014) · Endocrine Abstracts · doi:10.1530/endoabs.35.p978 · Cited by 2
Organophosphate and organohalogen flame-retardant exposure and thyroid hormone disruption in a cohort of female firefighters and office workers from San FranciscoPreprint
Trowbridge, J., Gerona, R. R. L., McMaster, M., Ona, K. R., Clarity, C., Bessonneau, V., Rudel, R. A., Buren, H., & Morello-Frosch, R. A. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.10.06.20207498 · Cited by 2

Authors: Knudsen, N., Laurberg, P., Rasmussen, L. B., Bülow, I., Perrild, H., Ovesen, L., & Jørgensen, T.
Affiliations: Bispebjerg Hospital (DK)
Aalborg University Hospital (DK)
Corresponding author: Knudsen, Nils
ORCID: Knudsen, Nils
Rasmussen, Lone B.
Jørgensen, Torben
Venue: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 2005-07
Volume: 90
Issue: 7
Pages: 4019-4024
ISSN: 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
1945-7197
DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-2225
OpenAlex: W2133682334
Semantic Scholar: 20e3a19b8599c2b8587d25dfab6ed083b7ff3e0f
Cited by: 753
References: 39
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 41
FWCI: 10.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Keywords: thyroid function, body mass index, obesity, serum TSH, free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, weight gain, subclinical thyroid dysfunction, healthy population
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Middle Aged, Obesity, Thyroid Hormones, Thyrotropin, Body Mass Index

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Small Differences in Thyroid Function May Be Important for Body Mass Index and the Occurrence of Obesity in the Population

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks