Cited by 753Thyroid Disorders and TreatmentsRegulation of Appetite and ObesityAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Small Differences in Thyroid Function May Be Important for Body Mass Index and the Occurrence of Obesity in the Population

Knudsen, Nils, Laurberg, Peter, Rasmussen, Lone B., Bülow, Inge, Perrild, Hans, Ovesen, Lars, Jørgensen, Torben·2005·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

DOI 10.1210/jc.2004-2225

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

CONTEXT: Increasing prevalence of overweight in the population is a major concern globally; and in the United States, nearly one third of adults were classified as obese at the end of the 20th century. Few data have been presented regarding an association between variations in thyroid function seen in the general population and body weight. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between thyroid function and body mass index (BMI) or obesity in a normal population. DESIGN: A cross-sectional population study (The DanThyr Study) was conducted. PARTICIPANTS: In all, 4649 participants were investigated, and 4082 were eligible for these analyses after exclusion of subjects with previous or present overt thyroid dysfunction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The study examined the association between category of serum TSH or serum thyroid hormones and BMI or obesity in multivariate models, adjusting for possible confounding. RESULTS: We found a positive association between BMI and category of serum TSH (P < 0.001) and a negative association between BMI and category of serum free T(4) (P < 0.001). No association was found between BMI and serum free T(3) levels. The difference in BMI between the groups with the highest and lowest serum TSH levels was 1.9 kg/m(2), corresponding to a difference in body weight of 5.5 kg among women. Similarly, the category of serum TSH correlated positively with weight gain during 5 yr (P = 0.04), but no statistically significant association was found with weight gain during 6 months (P = 0.17). There was an association between obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m(2)) and serum TSH levels (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that thyroid function (also within the normal range) could be one of several factors acting in concert to determine body weight in a population. Even slightly elevated serum TSH levels are associated with an increase in the occurrence of obesity.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1210/jc.2004-2225

Cites

39 of 39 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000
Flegal, K. M. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.14.1723 · Cited by 6,190
The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham Survey
Vanderpump, M. P. J., Tunbrldge, W. M. G., French, J. M., Appleton, D., Bates, D., Clark, F., Evans, J. G., Hasan, D. M., Rodgers, H., Tunbridge, F., et al. (1995) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb01894.x · Cited by 2,432
Subclinical Thyroid Disease: Scientific Review and Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management
Surks, M. I., Ortiz, E., Daniels, G. H., Sawin, C. T., Col, N. F., Cobin, R. H., Franklyn, J. A., Hershman, J. M., Burman, K. D., Denke, M. A., et al. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.2.228 · Cited by 1,800
Subclinical hypothyroidism is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in elderly women: the Rotterdam Study
Hak, A. E., Pols, H. A. P., Visser, T. J., Drexhage, H. A., Hofman, A., & Witteman, J. C. M. (2000) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-132-4-200002150-00004 · Cited by 1,336
Recombinant human leptin in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea
Welt, C. K., Chan, J. L., Bullen, J., Murphy, R., Smith, P., DePaoli, A. M., Karalis, A., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa040388 · Cited by 908
Thyroid Status, Disability and Cognitive Function, and Survival in Old Age
Gussekloo, J. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.21.2591 · Cited by 899
The role of falling leptin levels in the neuroendocrine and metabolic adaptation to short-term starvation in healthy men
Chan, J. L., Heist, K., DePaoli, A. M., Veldhuis, J. D., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci17490 · Cited by 697
Narrow Individual Variations in Serum T4and T3in Normal Subjects: A Clue to the Understanding of Subclinical Thyroid Disease
Andersen, S., Pedersen, K. M., Bruun, N. H., & Laurberg, P. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.87.3.8165 · Cited by 686
Self-citation
Estimation of Tissue Hypothyroidism by a New Clinical Score: Evaluation of Patients with Various Grades of Hypothyroidism and Controls
Zulewski, H., Müller, B., Exer, P., Miserez, A. R., & Staub, J.-J. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.3.3810 · Cited by 391
Subclinical hyperthyroidism and the risk of dementia. The Rotterdam study
Kalmijn, S., Mehta, K. M., Pols, H. A. P., Albert Hofman, D., Drexhage, H. A., & Breteler, M. M. B. (2000) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.01146.x · Cited by 319

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 39 references

Sorted by citations

Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Metabolism
Mullur, R., Liu, Y.-Y., & Brent, G. A. (2014) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00030.2013 · Cited by 2,421
“In healthy individuals, variations in serum TSH, even within the reference range, are associated with body weight and body weight change in both men and women (80, 143).”
Background
Guidelines for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism: Prepared by the American Thyroid Association Task Force on Thyroid Hormone Replacement
Jonklaas, J., Bianco, A. C., Bauer, A. J., Burman, K. D., Cappola, A. R., Celi, F. S., Cooper, D. S., Kim, B. W., Peeters, R. P., Rosenthal, M. S., et al. (2014) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0028 · Cited by 1,928
Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hypothyroidism in Adults: Cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association
Garber, J. R., Cobin, R. H., Gharib, H., Hennessey, J. V., Klein, I., Mechanick, J. I., Pessah-Pollack, R., Singer, P. A., & Woeber, K. A. (2012) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep12280.gl · Cited by 1,567
The Clinical Significance of Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction
Biondi, B., & Cooper, D. S. (2008) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2006-0043 · Cited by 1,418
“The results of this study suggest that even slightly elevated serum TSH levels are important in determining body weight in the population (34).”
Background
Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: Cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association
Garber, J. R., Cobin, R. H., Gharib, H., Hennessey, J. V., Klein, I., Mechanick, J. I., Pessah-Pollack, R., Singer, P. A., & Woeber for the American Association, K. A. (2012) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2012.0205 · Cited by 1,053
“Some observational studies correlate TSH levels with body mass index (243–245) while others do not (246).”
Subclinical thyroid disease
Cooper, D. S., & Biondi, B. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60276-6 · Cited by 1,039
Obesity in autoimmune diseases: Not a passive bystander
Versini, M., Jeandel, P.-Y., Rosenthal, E., & Shoenfeld, Y. (2014) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.07.001 · Cited by 694
“Some authors initially postulated that thyroid dysfunction was responsible for obesity [347].”
Background
Thyroid dysfunction and diabetes mellitus: two closely associated disorders
Biondi, B., Kahaly, G. J., & Robertson, R. P. (2019) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00163 · Cited by 598
Obesity and thyroid function
Reinehr, T. (2009) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2009.06.005 · Cited by 508
Smoking and thyroid
Wiersinga, W. M. (2013) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12222 · Cited by 389
Effects of Thyroid Dysfunction on Lipid Profile
Rizos, C. V., Elisaf, M., & Liberopoulos, E. N. (2011) · The Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal · doi:10.2174/1874192401105010076 · Cited by 411
“A positive association between TSH and body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference has also been described [22, 23].”
Background
Association of urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations with body mass index and waist circumference: a cross-sectional study of NHANES data, 1999–2002
Hatch, E. E., Nelson, J. W., Qureshi, M. M., Weinberg, J., Moore, L. L., Singer, M., & Webster, T. F. (2008) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/1476-069x-7-27 · Cited by 436
“Proposed biologic mechanisms that could underlie an association between endocrine disruptors and obesity include alterations in thyroid and steroid hormone function [5,6], and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) [7] which play a major role in adipocyte differentiation and energy storage […”
Background
Thyroid and Obesity: An Intriguing Relationship
Biondi, B. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-1245 · Cited by 339
“Progressive fat accumulation was associated with a parallel increase in TSH and FT3 levels irrespective of insulin sensitivity and metabolic parameters (20), and a positive association has been reported between the FT3 to FT4 ratio and both waist circumference and BMI in obese patients (20).”
BackgroundInfluential
Relations of Thyroid Function to Body Weight<subtitle>Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Observations in a Community-Based Sample</subtitle>
Fox, C. S. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.168.6.587 · Cited by 303
The Danish investigation on iodine intake and thyroid disease, DanThyr: status and perspectives
Laurberg, P., Jørgensen, T., Perrild, H., Ovesen, L., Knudsen, N. J., Pedersen, I. B., Rasmussen, L. B., Carlé, A., & Vejbjerg, P. (2006) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.1.02210 · Cited by 294
“Participants previously treated for thyroid dysfunction or with overt dysfunction when studied were excluded. Data from Knudsen et al. ( 32 ).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Hypothyroidism and obesity: An intriguing link
Sanyal, D., & Raychaudhuri, M. (2016) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/2230-8210.183454 · Cited by 292
“Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism / Jul-Aug 2016 / Vol 20 | Issue 4 555 variations in serum TSH caused by minimal changes in L‐T4 dosage during replacement therapy are associated with significantly altered REE in hypothyroid patients.[3] However, there is a paucity of data regarding the actual extent of w…”
Background
A Review of the Clinical Consequences of Variation in Thyroid Function Within the Reference Range
Taylor, P. N., Razvi, S., Pearce, S. H., & Dayan, C. M. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-1315 · Cited by 274
Free triiodothyronine and thyroid stimulating hormone are directly associated with waist circumference, independently of insulin resistance, metabolic parameters and blood pressure in overweight and obese women
Pergola, G. D., Ciampolillo, A., Paolotti, S., Trerotoli, P., & GIORGINO, R. (2007) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02874.x · Cited by 263
Environmental Factors Affecting Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Hormone Levels
Leko, M. B., Gunjača, I., Pleić, N., & Zemunik, T. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22126521 · Cited by 286
“Most studies have not observed an association between fT4 and BMI [54,57,59,62,63], although there are studies that have reported negative [9,55,56,60,61,64,65] and even positive association between fT4 and BMI in the general population [66–68] (Table 1).”
Background
The Impact of Obesity on Thyroid Autoimmunity and Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Song, R., Wang, B., Yao, Q., Li, Q., Jia, X., & Zhang, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02349 · Cited by 273
MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: The crosstalk between thyroid gland and adipose tissue: signal integration in health and disease
Santini, F., Marzullo, P., Rotondi, M., Ceccarini, G., Pagano, L., Ippolito, S., Chiovato, L., & Biondi, B. (2014) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-14-0067 · Cited by 240
Hyperthyrotropinemia in Obese Children Is Reversible after Weight Loss and Is Not Related to Lipids
Reinehr, T., de Sousa, G., & Andler, W. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0095 · Cited by 235
“moderately elevated TSH levels in obese subjects (1, 2).”
BackgroundResult
Investigations of Thyroid Hormones and Antibodies in Obesity: Leptin Levels Are Associated with Thyroid Autoimmunity Independent of Bioanthropometric, Hormonal, and Weight-Related Determinants
Marzullo, P., Minocci, A., Tagliaferri, A., Guzzaloni, G., Blasio, A. M. D., Medici, C. D., Aimaretti, G., & Liuzzi, A. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2798 · Cited by 235
Association of endocrine disruptors and obesity: perspectives from epidemiological studies
Hatch, E. E., Nelson, J. W., Stahlhut, R. W., & Webster, T. F. (2010) · International Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.01035.x · Cited by 237
High trait self-control predicts positive health behaviors and success in weight loss
Will Crescioni, A., Ehrlinger, J., Alquist, J. L., Conlon, K. E., Baumeister, R. F., Schatschneider, C., & Dutton, G. R. (2011) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105310390247 · Cited by 225
“…of weight loss efforts is affected by multiple factors over which people have little control including individual differences in genetic predispositions (Yang et al., 2007), physiological factors (Knudsen et al., 2005; Turnbaugh et al., 2006), and socioeconomic status (Wang and Beydoun, 2007).”
Background
Thyroid dysfunction in patients with diabetes: clinical implications and screening strategies
Kadiyala, R. U., Peter, R., & Okosieme, O. E. (2010) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02376.x · Cited by 231
Thyroid Function and Obesity
Laurberg, P., Knudsen, N. J., Andersen, S., Carlé, A., Pedersen, I. B., & Karmisholt, J. (2012) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1159/000342994 · Cited by 227
Self-citation
Subclinical Hypothyroidism Is Associated With Increased Risk for All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Adults
Tseng, F.-Y., Lin, W.-Y., Lin, C.-C., Lee, L.-T., Li, T.-C., Sung, P.-K., & Huang, K.-C. (2012) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.03.047 · Cited by 212
“Our data revealed that subjects with SCH had higher BMI than euthyroid subjects.”
Influential
Metabolic syndrome and its components are associated with increased thyroid volume and nodule prevalence in a mild-to-moderate iodine-deficient area
Aytürk, S., Gürsoy, A., Kut, A., Anıl, C., Nar, A., & Tütüncü, N. B. (2009) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-09-0410 · Cited by 217
“Although previous studies evaluating thyroid functional changes in obese patients reported discrepant findings, the most consistently reported finding is that the serum levels of TSH are higher in obese patients than in healthy controls (3-7).”
BackgroundResult
A high normal TSH is associated with the metabolic syndrome
Ruhla, S., Weickert, M. O., Arafat, A. M., Osterhoff, M. A., Isken, F., Spranger, J., Schöfl, C., Pfeiffer, A. F. H., & Möhlig, M. (2009) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03698.x · Cited by 225
Raised serum TSH levels in patients with morbid obesity: is it enough to diagnose subclinical hypothyroidism?
Rotondi, M., Leporati, P., La Manna, A., Pirali, B., Mondello, T., Fonte, R., Magri, F., & Chiovato, L. (2009) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-08-0734 · Cited by 214
Is there a need to redefine the upper normal limit of TSH?
Brabant, G., Beck-Peccoz, P., Jarzab, B., Laurberg, P., Orgiazzi, J., Szabolcs, I., Weetman, A. P., & Wiersinga, W. M. (2006) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.1.02136 · Cited by 211
“Genetic influences play a role in the hypothalamo – pituitary setpoint and these alterations in physiological TSH levels may translate into subtle changes in energy homeostasis reflected in body mass index ( 14 ).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Expression of thyrotropin and thyroid hormone receptors in adipose tissue of patients with morbid obesity and/or type 2 diabetes: effects of weight loss
Nannipieri, M., Cecchetti, F., Anselmino, M., Camastra, S., Niccolini, P., Lamacchia, M., Rossi, M., Iervasi, G., & Ferrannini, E. (2009) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.140 · Cited by 194
Nonradiation Risk Factors for Thyroid Cancer in the US Radiologic Technologists Study
Meinhold, C. L., Ron, E., Schonfeld, S. J., Alexander, B. H., Freedman, D. M., Linet, M. S., & de González, A. B. (2009) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwp354 · Cited by 192
Thyroid Hormones and Their Relation to Weight Status
Reinehr, T., Isa, A., de Sousa, G., Dieffenbach, R., & Andler, W. (2008) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000129678 · Cited by 185
Obesity and Thyroid Axis
Walczak, K., & Siemińśka, L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189434 · Cited by 182
Endocrine effects of tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) in Wistar rats as tested in a one-generation reproduction study and a subacute toxicity study
van der Ven, L. T. M., van de Kuil, T., Verhoef, A. J., Verwer, C. M., Lilienthal, H., Leonards, P. E. G., Schauer, U. M. D., Cantón, R. F., Litens, S., de Jong, F. H., et al. (2007) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.009 · Cited by 180
Serum lipid levels in relation to serum thyroid-stimulating hormone and the effect of thyroxine treatment on serum lipid levels in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism: the Tromsø Study
IQBAL, A., JORDE, R., & FIGENSCHAU, Y. (2006) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01652.x · Cited by 174
Phthalate exposure and childhood obesity
Kim, S. H., & Park, M. J. (2014) · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.6065/apem.2014.19.2.69 · Cited by 169
Obesity and diabetes: from genetics to epigenetics
Burgio, E., Lopomo, A., & Migliore, L. (2014) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-014-3751-z · Cited by 174
Lack of association between serum TSH or free T4 and body mass index in euthyroid subjects
Manji, N., Boelaert, K., Sheppard, M. C., Holder, R. L., Gough, S. C. L., & Franklyn, J. A. (2006) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02433.x · Cited by 167
The Interconnections Between Obesity, Thyroid Function, and Autoimmunity: The Multifold Role of Leptin
Duntas, L. H., & Biondi, B. (2012) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2011.0499 · Cited by 162
“In a cross-sectional study (the Dan Thyr Study) that included 4082 subjects, FT4 levels were negatively associated with BMI, whereas serum TSH levels were positively, and independently of hypothyroidism, associated with BMI (70).”
Subclinical hypothyroidism, lipid metabolism and cardiovascular disease
Delitala, A., Fanciulli, G., Maioli, M., & Delitala, G. (2016) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2016.12.015 · Cited by 168
Thyroid Function Is Intrinsically Linked to Insulin Sensitivity and Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation in Healthy Euthyroid Subjects
Fernández‐Real, J. M., López‐Bermejo, A., Castro, A., Casamitjana, R., & Ricart, W. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0841 · Cited by 164
The relationship between serum thyrotropin and components of metabolic syndrome
Lai, Y., Wang, J., Jiang, F., Wang, B., Chen, Y., Li, M., Liu, H., Li, C., Xue, H., Li, N., et al. (2010) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.k10e-272 · Cited by 157
“Recent studies showed that subclinical thyroid dysfunction [13], even TSH within normal range [14] may be related to metabolic syndrome and its components.”
BackgroundResult
Body Fatness and Markers of Thyroid Function among U.S. Men and Women
Kitahara, C. M., Platz, E. A., Ladenson, P. W., Mondul, A. M., Menke, A., & de González, A. B. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034979 · Cited by 154
“Several cross-sectional studies have shown associations of body fat with higher serum TSH [9–16] and T3 [17] and lower T4 [15,16,18,19] among euthyroid individuals, though there have been some inconsistencies [12–14,17–20].”
Background
Association of Serum TSH with High Body Mass Differs between Smokers and Never-Smokers
Åsvold, B. O., Bjøro, T., & Vatten, L. J. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1180 · Cited by 149
Influence of obesity and surgical weight loss on thyroid hormone levels
Chikunguwo, S. M., Brethauer, S. A., Nirujogi, V., Pitt, T., Udomsawaengsup, S., Chand, B., & Schauer, P. R. (2007) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2007.07.011 · Cited by 150
“Recent findings egarding the pathophysiologic association between obesity nd thyroid hormones have renewed research interest in this rea [1–4].”
Background
Inferring relevant cell types for complex traits by using single-cell gene expression
Calderon, D., Bhaskar, A., Knowles, D. A., Golan, D., Raj, T., Fu, A. Q., & Pritchard, J. K. (2017) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.009 · Cited by 127
Homeostatic control of the thyroid-pituitary axis: perspectives for diagnosis and treatment
Hoermann, R., Midgley, J. E. M., Larisch, R., & Dietrich, J. W. (2015) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2015.00177 · Cited by 143
Application of the Navigation Guide systematic review methodology to the evidence for developmental and reproductive toxicity of triclosan
Johnson, P. I., Koustas, E., Vesterinen, H. M., Sutton, P., Atchley, D. S., Kim, A. N., Campbell, M. A., Donald, J. M., Sen, Ś., Bero, L. A., et al. (2016) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.009 · Cited by 143
“…are associated with triclosan exposure and with thyroid hormone concentrations (Calafat et al., 2008; Chen et al., 2013; Lankester et al., 2013; Knudsen et al., 2005; Hollowell et al., n.d.), we assigned studies “low risk” of bias under the confounding domain if they accounted for potential…”
Background
Thyroid Function in Human Obesity: Underlying Mechanisms
Fontenelle, L. F., Feitosa, M. F., Severo, J. S., Freitas, T., Morais, J. B. S., Torres‐Leal, F. L., Henriques, G. S., & Marreiro, D. D. N. (2016) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-0042-121421 · Cited by 145
Association between bisphenol A exposure and body mass index in Chinese school children: a cross-sectional study
Wang, H., Zhou, Y., Tang, C., Wu, J., Chen, Y., & Jiang, Q. (2012) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/1476-069x-11-79 · Cited by 138
“A large cross-sectional study from Denmark found that thyroid function,was associated with BMI [45].”
Background
Effects of serum TSH and FT4 levels and the TSHR‐Asp727Glu polymorphism on bone: the Rotterdam Study
van der Deure, W. M., Uitterlinden, A. G., Albert Hofman, D., Rivadeneira, F., Pols, H. A. P., Peeters, R. P., & Visser, T. J. (2007) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.03016.x · Cited by 132
Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Thyroid Autoimmunity Are Not Associated With Fecundity, Pregnancy Loss, or Live Birth
Plowden, T. C., Schisterman, E. F., Sjaarda, L. A., Zarek, S. M., Perkins, N. J., Silver, R. M., Galai, N., DeCherney, A. H., & Mumford, S. L. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2016-1049 · Cited by 129
Thyrotropin Levels and Risk of Fatal Coronary Heart Disease: The HUNT Study
Åsvold, B. O., Bjøro, T., Nilsen, T. I. L., Gunnell, D., & Vatten, L. J. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.168.8.855 · Cited by 125
Association between serum TSH concentration within the normal range and adiposity
Souza, A. D. M., & Sichieri, R. (2011) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-11-0261 · Cited by 128
Thyroid function in the nutritionally obese child and adolescent
Reinehr, T. (2011) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0b013e328344c393 · Cited by 127
The relationship between thyroid function and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in euthyroid subjects
Gu, Y., Li, H., Bao, X., Zhang, Q., Liu, L., Meng, G., Wu, H., Du, H., Shi, H., Xia, Y., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2965 · Cited by 123
“Because studies have shown that serum TH and TSH levels are related to age (20) and BMI (21),”
BackgroundInfluential
Health Status, Psychological Symptoms, Mood, and Cognition in L-Thyroxine-Treated Hypothyroid Subjects
Samuels, M. H., Schuff, K. G., Carlson, N. E., Carello, P., & Janowsky, J. S. (2007) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2006.0252 · Cited by 124
Serum TSH values and risk of vertebral fractures in euthyroid post-menopausal women with low bone mineral density
Mazziotti, G., Porcelli, T., Patelli, I., Vescovi, P. P., & Giustina, A. (2010) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2009.10.031 · Cited by 113
“Epidemiological studies suggested the existence of a positive correlation between serum TSH and BMI, with lower TSH values occurring in subjects with low body weight [25].”
Background
Thyroid stimulating hormone is associated with metabolic syndrome in euthyroid postmenopausal women
Park, H. T., Cho, G. J., Ahn, K. H., Shin, J., Hong, S., Kim, T., Hur, J. Y., Kim, Y. T., Lee, K. W., & Kim, S. H. (2009) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.01.007 · Cited by 121
Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and blood pressure: a community‐based study
Walsh, J. P., Bremner, A. P., Bulsara, M. K., O’Leary, P., Leedman, P. J., Feddema, P., & Michelangeli, V. (2006) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02619.x · Cited by 117
Thyroid and Obesity: Not a One-Way Interaction
Rotondi, M., Magri, F., & Chiovato, L. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-2515 · Cited by 120
“These data suggested that thyroid function (even within the normal range) could be one of several factors contributing to determining body weight in the general population (5).”
BackgroundInfluential
Associations between body mass index and clinico‐pathological characteristics of papillary thyroid cancer
Kim, H. J., Kim, N. K., Choi, J. H., Sohn, S. Y., Kim, S. W., Jin, S., Jang, H. W., Suh, S., Min, Y., Chung, J. H., et al. (2012) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04506.x · Cited by 116
Serum TSH related to measures of body mass: longitudinal data from the HUNT Study, Norway: Serum TSH and body mass
Svare, A., Nilsen, T. I. L., Bjøro, T., Åsvold, B. O., & Langhammer, A. (2011) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04009.x · Cited by 113
Body composition and metabolic parameters are associated with variation in thyroid hormone levels among euthyroid young men
Roef, G. L., Lapauw, B., Goemaere, S., Zmierczak, H., Toye, K. R. C., Kaufman, J., & Taes, Y. (2012) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-12-0447 · Cited by 114
Thyroid Function and Obesity
Longhi, S., & Radetti, G. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.4274/jcrpe.856 · Cited by 117
“Moreover, it has also been reported that there is an inverse correlation between free thyroxine (fT4) values and body mass index (BMI), even when fT4 values remain in the normal range (15).”
Background
Thyroid hormone receptor-β analogues for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH)
Ratziu, V., Scanlan, T. S., & Bruinstroop, E. (2024) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2024.10.018 · Cited by 118
Relationship between serum free T4 (FT4) levels and metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components in healthy euthyroid subjects
Kim, B., Kim, T. Y., Koh, J., Kim, H. K., Park, J., Lee, K., Shong, Y. K., & Kim, W. B. (2008) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03304.x · Cited by 111
Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is not associated with metabolic derangement, cognitive impairment, depression or poor quality of life (QoL) in elderly subjects
Park, Y. J., Lee, E., Lee, Y. J., Choi, S. H., Park, J. H., Lee, S. B., Lim, S. K., Lee, W., Jang, H. C., Cho, B. Y., et al. (2009) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2009.05.015 · Cited by 110
Genetic variation in thyroid hormone pathway genes; polymorphisms in the TSH receptor and the iodothyronine deiodinases
Peeters, R. P., van der Deure, W. M., & Visser, T. J. (2006) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.1.02279 · Cited by 107
Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Patients with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative Review
Biondi, B. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16010087 · Cited by 122
“Numerous investigations have demonstrated a negative correlation between FT4 and BMI and a positive relationship between TSH and BMI [25–28 , 31– 34 ].”
Background
Inverse Association Between Serum Free Thyroxine Levels and Hepatic Steatosis: Results from the Study of Health in Pomerania
Ittermann, T., Haring, R., Wallaschofski, H., Baumeister, S. E., Nauck, M. A., Dörr, M., Lerch, M. M., zu Schwabedissen, H. E. M., Rosskopf, D., & Völzke, H. (2012) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2011.0279 · Cited by 107
“This seems to be biologically plausible, as overt hypothyroidism is associated with visceral obesity (13,14), metabolic syndrome (15), insulin resistance (16), and lipid peroxidation (17), all of which are closely related to hepatic steatosis.”
Subclinical hypothyroidism: a historical view and shifting prevalence
Hennessey, J. V., & Espaillat, R. (2015) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.12619 · Cited by 111
Association between thyroid function and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in euthyroid elderly Chinese
Xu, C., Xu, L., Yu, C., Miao, M., & Li, Y. (2011) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04016.x · Cited by 106
Obesity and thyroid cancer
Marcello, M. A., Cunha, L. L., Batista, F. D. A., & Ward, L. S. (2014) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1530/erc-14-0070 · Cited by 106
“A negative association between BMI and serum free thyroxine (T4) levels was reported (Knudsen et al. 2005), with lower T4 levels being associated with fat accumulation (Knudsen et al. 2005, Alevizaki et al. 2009).”
Background
Association Between Serum Perfluorinated Chemicals and Thyroid Function in U.S. Adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2010
Wen, L., Lin, L., Su, T., Chen, P., & Lin, C. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-1282 · Cited by 103
“Hypoand hyperthyroidism can affect blood pressure (25, 26) and thyroid function may influence body mass index and glucose homeostasis (27).”
Background
Weight Loss after Therapy of Hypothyroidism Is Mainly Caused by Excretion of Excess Body Water Associated with Myxoedema
Karmisholt, J., Andersen, S., & Laurberg, P. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-1521 · Cited by 103
Self-citation
Thyroid hormone regulation by stress and behavioral differences in adult male rats
Helmreich, D. L., & Tylee, D. S. (2011) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.06.003 · Cited by 103
“Furthermore, recent evidence also suggests that relativelymildhypothyroidism, suchas that observed in the current experiments, may have significant effects on an individual (Joffe and Sokolov, 1994; Sait Gonen et al., 2004; Knudsen et al., 2005; Gulseren et al., 2006; Davis and Tremont, 2007).”
Current paradigms in the etiology of obesity
Kadouh, H. C., & Acosta, A. J. (2016) · Techniques in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.tgie.2016.12.001 · Cited by 117
Thyroid function in childhood obesity and metabolic comorbidity
Pacifico, L., Anania, C., Ferraro, F., Andreoli, G. M., & Chiesa, C. (2011) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2011.11.013 · Cited by 98
“Based on the notion that triiodothyronine (T3) controls metabolic and energy homeostasis and influences body weight, thermogenesis, lipolysis, and metabolism of cholesterol [3], and that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), via its receptors in fat tissue, induces differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes and exp…”
Background
Reference intervals in the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction: treating patients not numbers
Jonklaas, J., & Razvi, S. (2019) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30371-1 · Cited by 100
MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Thyroid and polycystic ovary syndrome
Gaberšček, S., Zaletel, K., Theiler‐Schwetz, V., Pieber, T. R., Obermayer-Pietsch, B. M., & Lerchbaum, E. (2014) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-14-0295 · Cited by 103
Maternal TSH level and TPOAb status in early pregnancy and their relationship to the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus
Ying, H., Tang, Y., Bao, Y., Su, X., Cai, X., Li, Y., & Wang, D. (2016) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-016-1022-6 · Cited by 98
“Thirdly, TSH level is associated with BMI, even within the normal population reference range [35, 36].”
Background
Outcomes in Relapsed Graves' Disease Patients Following Radioiodine or Prolonged Low Dose of Methimazole Treatment
Villagelin, D., Romaldini, J. H., dos Santos, R. B., Milkos, A. B. B. P., & Ward, L. S. (2015) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0195 · Cited by 100
Free thyroxine is an independent predictor of subcutaneous fat in euthyroid individuals
Alevizaki, M. K., Saltiki, K., Voidonikola, P. T., Mantzou, A., Papamichael, C. M., & Stamatelopoulos, K. S. (2009) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-09-0441 · Cited by 97
Moderate weight loss is sufficient to affect thyroid hormone homeostasis and inhibit its peripheral conversion
Agnihothri, R. V., Courville, A. B., Linderman, J. D., Smith, S., Brychta, R., Remaley, A., Chen, K. Y., Simchowitz, L., & Celi, F. S. (2014) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2013.0055 · Cited by 94
“Our cross-sectional data support this hypothesis, since T3 and TSH correlate positively with adiposity (32–34), but it is worth noting that these findings have not been consistently replicated (35).”
BackgroundResult
High‐normal tsh values in obesity: Is it insulin resistance or adipose tissue's guilt?
Muscogiuri, G., Sorice, G. P., Mezza, T., Prioletta, A., Lassandro, A. P., Pirronti, T., Casa, S. D., Pontecorvi, A., & Giaccari, A. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20240 · Cited by 93
“In agreement with earlier studies (2,3), our data showed a significant”
Result
Significant inverse relationship between serum free T4 concentration and body mass index in euthyroid subjects: differences between smokers and nonsmokers
Makepeace, A., Bremner, A., O'Leary, P. C., Leedman, P. J., Feddema, P., Michelangeli, V. P., & Walsh, J. P. (2008) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03239.x · Cited by 90
Obesogens
Grün, F. (2010) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0b013e32833ddea0 · Cited by 96
The association between hypoechogenicity or irregular echo pattern at thyroid ultrasonography and thyroid function in the general population
Vejbjerg, P., Knudsen, N. J., Perrild, H., Laurberg, P., Pedersen, I. B., Rasmussen, L. B., Ovesen, L., & Jørgensen, T. (2006) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.1.02255 · Cited by 89
“Subclinical thyroid dysfunction may also be harmful in itself, for example, persons with subclinical thyroid dysfunction may have a higher risk of developing cardiac disease (18, 19) and have been found to have a higher mean body mass index and a higher occurrence of obesity ( 20 ) .I n addition to hypoechogenicity, w…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Lower Free Thyroxin Associates with a Less Favorable Metabolic Phenotype in Healthy Pregnant Women
Bassols, J., Prats‐Puig, A., Soriano‐Rodríguez, P., García-González, M. M., Reid, J., Martínez-Pascual, M., Mateos-Comerón, F., de Zegher, F., Ibáñez, L., & López‐Bermejo, A. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1784 · Cited by 90
Dietary sources of cumulative phthalates exposure among the U.S. general population in NHANES 2005–2014
Varshavsky, J., Morello-Frosch, R. A., Woodruff, T. J., & Zota, A. R. (2018) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.029 · Cited by 90
Effects of levothyroxine replacement or suppressive therapy on energy expenditure and body composition
Samuels, M. H., Kolobova, I., Smeraglio, A., Peters, D., Purnell, J. Q., & Schuff, K. G. (2016) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0345 · Cited by 87
Prospectively measured triiodothyronine levels are positively associated with breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women
Tosovic, A., Bondeson, A., Bondeson, L., Ericsson, U., Malm, J., & Manjer, J. (2010) · Breast Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/bcr2587 · Cited by 85
“Furthermore, both thyroid conditions and breast cancer have been associated with BMI [21,22].”
Influential
Effects of adiposity on plasma lipid response to reductions in dietary saturated fatty acids and cholesterol
Flock, M. R., Green, M. H., & Kris-Etherton, P. M. (2011) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.111.000422 · Cited by 82
Clinical Parameters Are More Likely to Be Associated with Thyroid Hormone Levels than with Thyrotropin Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Fitzgerald, S. P., Bean, N. G., Falhammar, H., & Tuke, J. (2020) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2019.0535 · Cited by 86
“, obesity having associations with high thyroid function), or associations of thyroid hormones in the same direction as associations with TSH, as indicators of reverse causation (Supplementary Table S1) (19).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Thyroid hormones and changes in body weight and metabolic parameters in response to weight loss diets: the POUNDS LOST trial
Liu, G., Liang, L., Bray, G. A., Qi, L., Hu, F. B., Rood, J., Sacks, F. M., & Sun, Q. (2017) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2017.28 · Cited by 87
Homeostatic equilibria between free thyroid hormones and pituitary thyrotropin are modulated by various influences including age, body mass index and treatment
Hoermann, R., Midgley, J. E. M., Giacobino, A., Eckl, W. A., Wahl, H. G., Dietrich, J. W., & Larisch, R. (2014) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12527 · Cited by 82

Authors: Knudsen, N., Laurberg, P., Rasmussen, L. B., Bülow, I., Perrild, H., Ovesen, L., & Jørgensen, T.
Affiliations: Bispebjerg Hospital (DK)
Aalborg University Hospital (DK)
Corresponding author: Knudsen, Nils
ORCID: Knudsen, Nils
Rasmussen, Lone B.
Jørgensen, Torben
Venue: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 2005-07
Volume: 90
Issue: 7
Pages: 4019-4024
ISSN: 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
1945-7197
DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-2225
OpenAlex: W2133682334
Semantic Scholar: 20e3a19b8599c2b8587d25dfab6ed083b7ff3e0f
Cited by: 753
References: 39
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 41
FWCI: 10.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Keywords: thyroid function, body mass index, obesity, serum TSH, free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, weight gain, subclinical thyroid dysfunction, healthy population
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Middle Aged, Obesity, Thyroid Hormones, Thyrotropin, Body Mass Index

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Small Differences in Thyroid Function May Be Important for Body Mass Index and the Occurrence of Obesity in the Population

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks