The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Tissue Thyroid Hormone Levels in Critical Illness
Open accessAbstract
Context: Pronounced alterations in serum thyroid hormone levels occur during critical illness. T3 decreases and rT3 increases, the magnitudes of which are related to the severity of disease. It is unclear whether these changes are associated with decreased tissue T3 concentrations and, thus, reduced thyroid hormone bioactivity. Patients and Study Questions: We therefore investigated, in 79 patients who died after intensive care and who did or did not receive thyroid hormone treatment, whether total serum thyroid hormone levels correspond to tissue levels in liver and muscle. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between tissue thyroid hormone levels, deiodinase activities, and monocarboxylate transporter 8 expression. Results: Tissue iodothyronine levels were positively correlated with serum levels, indicating that the decrease in serum T3 during illness is associated with decreased levels of tissue T3. Higher serum T3 levels in patients who received thyroid hormone treatment were accompanied by higher levels of liver and muscle T3, with evidence for tissue-specific regulation. Tissue rT3 and the T3/rT3 ratio were correlated with tissue deiodinase activities. Monocarboxylate transporter 8 expression was not related to the ratio of the serum over tissue concentration of the different iodothyronines. Conclusion: Our results suggest that, in addition to changes in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, tissue-specific mechanisms are involved in the reduced supply of bioactive thyroid hormone in critical illness.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This was clearly shown in a study involving patients who were critically ill and received TH treatment [84].”
From An update on non-thyroidal illness syndrome (2021) · cites this paper as [84]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“While serum T3 levels may decline by 30%, which is significant, but still within the so-called “normal range”, tissue T3 may decline by 70–80%, resulting in profound cellular hypothyroidism with normal serum TSH, FT4, and FT3 levels”
From Diagnosis and management of treatment-refractory hypothyroidism: an expert consensus report (2017) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“As a result, TSH may be a poor indicator of peripheral thyroid levels in the presence of such conditions.”
From Diagnosis and management of treatment-refractory hypothyroidism: an expert consensus report (2017) · cites this paper as [29]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients.
Van den Berghe, G., Wouters, P., Weekers, F., Verwaest, C., Bruyninckx, F., Schetz, M., Vlasselaers, D., Ferdinande, P., Lauwers, P., & Bouillon, R. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa011300 · Cited by 9,977
Self-citationBianco, A. C., Salvatore, D., Gereben, B., Berry, M. J., & Larsen, P. R. (2002) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.23.1.0455 · Cited by 1,853
Alterations in thyroid function in patients with systemic illness: the euthyroid sick syndrome
WARTOFSKY, L., & BURMAN, K. D. (1982) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-3-2-164 · Cited by 916
Identification of monocarboxylate transporter 8 as a specific thyroid hormone transporter
Friesema, E. C. H., Ganguly, S., Abdalla, A., Fox, J. E. M., Halestrap, A. P., & Visser, T. J. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m300909200 · Cited by 725
Self-citationFriesema, E. C., Grueters, A., Biebermann, H., Krude, H., von Moers, A., Reeser, M., Barrett, T. G., Mancilla, E. E., Svensson, J., Kester, M. H., et al. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17226-7 · Cited by 709
Self-citationHow does blood glucose control with insulin save lives in intensive care?
den Berghe, G. V. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci23506 · Cited by 558
Dangerous dogmas in medicine: the nonthyroidal illness syndrome
De Groot, L. J. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.1.5364 · Cited by 505
Peeters, R. P., Wouters, P. J., Kaptein, E., van Toor, H., Visser, T. J., & Van den Berghe, G. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-022013 · Cited by 452
Self-citationHennemann, G., Docter, R., Friesema, E. C. H., de Jong, M., Krenning, E. P., & Visser, T. J. (2001) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.22.4.0435 · Cited by 394
Self-citationBrent, G. A., & Hershman, J. M. (1986) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-63-1-1 · Cited by 362
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–145 of 145
Valeri, E., Loupakis, F., Pasqualetti, G., Paccosi, E., Proietti‐De‐Santis, L., & Filippi, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1773486 · Cited by 3
Lado‐Abeal, J. (2020) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109775 · Cited by 3
Study of thyroid function in patients admitted in intensive care unit
Anjani Kumar, C., Arepalli, S. K., Chintalapudi, V., & Suresh, B. (2022) · International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20223258 · Cited by 3
Peeters, R. P., & Boelen, A. (2022) · Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e · doi:10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0042 · Cited by 3
Self-citationBraun, A. C., Oliveira, T. C., Thomazini, L. D., Argenti, G., Kotzian, B. J., Machado, V., Conté, J., Ferreira, C. Z., Souto, A. C. A., Ulian, B., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26062410 · Cited by 1
Euthyroid Sick Syndrome as an Index of Prognosis in Severe COVID-19 Disease
Athanassiou, L., Kostoglou‐Athanassiou, I., Kaiafa, G. D., Nikolakopoulou, S., Konstantinou, A., Mascha, O., Samaras, C., Savopoulos, C., Shoenfeld, Y., & Athanassiou, P. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61081372 · Cited by 2
Changes Within the Thyroid Axis During the Course of Critical Illness
Mebis, L., Langouche, L., & den Berghe, G. V. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-177-6_10 · Cited by 2
Deiodination and Peripheral Metabolism of Thyroid Hormone
Dentice, M., & Salvatore, D. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72102-6_5 · Cited by 1
Mazza, A. D. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.110397 · Cited by 1
Endokrine Störungen beim Intensivpatienten
Bojunga, J., & Meyer, G. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54953-3_68 · Cited by 1
Is pituitary failure the real therapeutic target in septic shock?
Kouatli, Y. (2009) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2009.09.032 · Cited by 1
Thyroid hormones and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
Peeters, R. P., & den Berghe, G. V. (2008) · Journal of Organ Dysfunction · doi:10.1080/17471060802409720 · Cited by 1
Self-citationChapter 10 – Endocrine Issues During Acute Illness, Sepsis, and the Perioperative Period
Ackerman, K., & Myers, J. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-141602213-8.50013-0 · Cited by 1
Современные представления о синдроме эутиреоиднои патологии в клинической практике
Abramova, N., & Pashkovska, N. V. (2017) · Likarska sprava · doi:10.31640/ls-2017(1-2)04 · Cited by 1
Impact of Endocrine Disorders in Critically Ill Patients
Garruti, G., Pina, A. F., Machedo, M. P., & Giorgino, F. (2020) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68729-2_13 · Cited by 1
Thyroid Function in Critical Illness
Economidou, F. N., Douka, E., Tzanela, M., Orfanos, S. E., & Kotanidou, A. N. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8503-2_2-1 · Cited by 1
Thyroidal Changes During Critical Illness
Langouche, L., & den Berghe, G. V. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27687-8_11 · Cited by 1
McDermott, M. T. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-4975-1.00048-6 · Cited by 1
Thyroid function tests in patients at the emergency department compared to a prior healthy setting
Kim, R. B., Kim, M.-J., Cho, Y. Y., Kim, S. K., Jung, J. H., Jung, J., Kim, C. Y., Kang, D., & Hahm, J. R. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202422 · Cited by 1
Rain, P., Itagappa, M., Kumar, S., Mitra, S., & Agrawal, A. T. (2018) · Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences · doi:10.14260/jemds/2018/1015 · Cited by 1
Attenuation by l-thyroxine of oxidant-induced gut epithelial damage.
Shahedi, Z., Varedi, M., Bagheri, Z., Moattari, A., & Sharafpour, H. (2019) · PubMed Central · doi:10.22038/ijbms.2019.37169.8852 · Cited by 1
Παππά, Θ., & Alevizaki, M. K. (2017) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29195-6_26-1 · Cited by 1
Prise en charge en réanimation du coma myxoedémateux et des formes graves de thyrotoxicose
Chanson, P., & Richard, C. (2012) · Réanimation · doi:10.1007/s13546-012-0526-1
Thyroid Hormone Therapy for the Cardiac Surgical Patient
Aaron, M., & Robert, S. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/27684
How to Make a Thyroid Hypothyroid
Peeters, R. P., & Visser, T. J. (2012) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2012.2209.ed
Self-citationKoenig, R. J. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-4745-2.00020-1
Thyroid Hormone Metabolism and Transport
Germain, D. L. S., & Hernández, A. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-18907-1.00076-7 · Cited by 1
da Conceição, T. M. B., Canalli, M. H. B. D. S., Patel, L. S., & Krebs, C. D. M. (2016) · Arquivos Catarinenses de Medicina · doi:10.63845/rmysgk30
Braithwaite, S. S. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-032304841-5.50063-7
Changes in thyroid hormones in patients undergoing liver transplantation
Park, S.-Y., Kim, J. Y., Kim, J. S., Joung, H.-W., Jeong, Y.-Y., Park, G.-H., & Lee, S. Y. (2015) · Anesthesia and Pain Medicine · doi:10.17085/apm.2015.10.3.214
Endocrine Testing in Acute and Critical Illness
Morovat, R. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119374800.ch2
McDermott, M. T. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-05885-8.00039-8
Impact of Endocrine Disorders in Critically Ill Patients
Garruti, G., Pina, A. F., Machedo, M. P., & Giorgino, F. (2020) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66362-3_13-1
Endocrine Responses to Critical Illness
Gunst, J., Boonen, E., & den Berghe, G. V. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119374800.ch3
Smiyan, O., Loboda, A., Havrylenko, A., Бында, Т. П., Popov, S., Reznychenko, Y., Vasylieva, O. H., Петрашенко, В. О., Січненко, П. І., Smiian-Horbunova, K. O., et al. (2021) · Eastern Ukrainian Medical Journal · doi:10.21272/eumj.2021;9(2):189-201
Enfermedad tiroidea autoinmunitaria y SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19
Sánchez, A. M., Rojas, L. J., Mejia, M. G., Builes, C. A., Arenas-Quintero, H. M., & Duque, J. J. (2020) · Revista Colombiana de Endocrinología Diabetes & Metabolismo · doi:10.53853/encr.7.2s.594
Tschritter, O., Vees, S., & Haap, M. M. (2021) · Intensivmedizin up2date · doi:10.1055/a-1200-4662
Endokrine Störungen beim Intensivpatienten
Meyer, G., & Bojunga, J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54675-4_79-1
Peeters, R. P. (2011) · doi:10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.3044
Self-citation(2006) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1097/01.med.0000244230.06529.0f
Altshuler, N. Е., Kutcyi, M. B., Губарев, К. К., Bagzhanov, G. I., & Попугаев, К. А. (2023) · Annals of critical care · doi:10.21320/1818-474x-2023-1-43-55 · Cited by 1
Endokrine Störungen beim Intensivpatienten
Meyer, G., & Bojunga, J. (2023) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54675-4_79-2
Endokrine Störungen beim Intensivpatienten
Meyer, G., & Bojunga, J. (2024) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-68699-7_79
Anunciação, S. M., Campos, R. D. O., Beltrão, F. E. D. L., Morais, D. A., Júnior, W. T. D. S., Barbosa, F. D. P., Cassemiro, J. F., Rende, P. R. F., Hecht, F., & Ramos, H. E. (2025) · Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.20945/2359-4292-2024-0113
Bethea, M. M., Cook, T. M., Stafford, P., Knaub, L. A., Martinez, M. E., Schniedewind, B., Christians, U., Hendrix, J. J., Mestroni, L., Graw, S. L., et al. (2025) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqaf181
Metadata
- Authors
- Peeters, R. P., van der Geyten, S., Wouters, P. J., Darras, V. M., van Toor, H., Kaptein, E., Visser, T. J., & Van den Berghe, G.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Zoological Institute (S.v.d.G., V.M.D.), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Department of Internal Medicine (R.P.P., H.v.T., E.K., T.J.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine (P.J.W., G.V.d.B.), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2005-12-01
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 6498-6507
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2119065033
- Cited by
- 145
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 5.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Lirias (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Keywords
- critical illness, thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine, reverse T3, thyroid hormone deiodinases, MCT8, liver, skeletal muscle, thyroid hormone replacement, ICU mortality, iodothyronines
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Female, Humans, Insulin, Iodide Peroxidase, Liver, Male, Middle Aged, Triiodothyronine, Triiodothyronine, Reverse, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Critical Illness, Muscle, Skeletal, Monocarboxylic Acid Transporters, Symporters
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
