Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients.
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance are common in critically ill patients, even if they have not previously had diabetes. Whether the normalization of blood glucose levels with insulin therapy improves the prognosis for such patients is not known. METHODS: We performed a prospective, randomized, controlled study involving adults admitted to our surgical intensive care unit who were receiving mechanical ventilation. On admission, patients were randomly assigned to receive intensive insulin therapy (maintenance of blood glucose at a level between 80 and 110 mg per deciliter [4.4 and 6.1 mmol per liter]) or conventional treatment (infusion of insulin only if the blood glucose level exceeded 215 mg per deciliter [11.9 mmol per liter] and maintenance of glucose at a level between 180 and 200 mg per deciliter [10.0 and 11.1 mmol per liter]). RESULTS: At 12 months, with a total of 1548 patients enrolled, intensive insulin therapy reduced mortality during intensive care from 8.0 percent with conventional treatment to 4.6 percent (P<0.04, with adjustment for sequential analyses). The benefit of intensive insulin therapy was attributable to its effect on mortality among patients who remained in the intensive care unit for more than five days (20.2 percent with conventional treatment, as compared with 10.6 percent with intensive insulin therapy, P=0.005). The greatest reduction in mortality involved deaths due to multiple-organ failure with a proven septic focus. Intensive insulin therapy also reduced overall in-hospital mortality by 34 percent, bloodstream infections by 46 percent, acute renal failure requiring dialysis or hemofiltration by 41 percent, the median number of red-cell transfusions by 50 percent, and critical-illness polyneuropathy by 44 percent, and patients receiving intensive therapy were less likely to require prolonged mechanical ventilation and intensive care. CONCLUSIONS: Intensive insulin therapy to maintain blood glucose at or below 110 mg per deciliter reduces morbidity and mortality among critically ill patients in the surgical intensive care unit.
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Inpatient hyperglycemia is associated with more complications, including surgical site infections, mortality, and longer hospital stays.
“Inpatient hyperglycemia is associated with increased complications including surgical site infections, mortality, and increased length of hospital stay.91–93”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [92]
The Abstract reports lower mortality and bloodstream infections with intensive glucose control in critically ill surgical ICU patients. The Morbidity section does not report surgical-site infections and says intensive therapy shortened ICU stay but not overall hospital stay; it also says hyperglycemia at admission did not affect morbidity measures. The claim therefore extends beyond, and partly conflicts with, this study’s findings. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOverall, studies show that treatment including a basal insulin regimen gives better glycemic control than sliding-scale insulin alone.
“Overall, studies have shown that treatment including a basal insulin regimen resulted in better glycemic control compared with sliding-scale insulin alone.92,107–109”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [92]
The Study Design section compares two threshold-based continuous insulin-infusion protocols in surgical ICU patients, not a basal insulin regimen with sliding-scale insulin alone. The Blood Glucose Control section reports lower mean morning glucose with intensive than conventional treatment (103±19 versus 153±33 mg/dL), supporting improved control but not the specific regimen comparison claimed. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe better glycemic control from basal insulin regimens led to improvements in rates of postsurgical complications.
“The better glycemic control resulted in improvements in rates of postsurgical complications.92”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [92]
The Abstract reports that intensive insulin therapy improved blood-glucose control and reduced infections and other complications among patients in a surgical intensive care unit. It does not describe the treatment as a basal insulin regimen, so that detail in the supplied paraphrase is unsupported; it is absent from the verbatim citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRCTs showed that a basal prandial regimen with insulin analogs improved glycemic control and reduced hospital complications in general medical and surgical T2D patients compared with sliding-scale regular insulin alone.
“RCTs have shown that treatment with a basal prandial regimen using insulin analogs improved glycemic control with fewer hospital complications in general medical and surgical persons with T2D compared with sliding-scale regular insulin alone.92,107,108,1333–1336”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [92]
The Blood Glucose Control and Abstract passages report better glucose control and reduced morbidity with intensive insulin therapy. But the Study Design describes insulin infusions in mechanically ventilated surgical ICU patients, not a basal-prandial analog regimen compared with sliding-scale regular insulin in general medical and surgical patients with type 2 diabetes. Page numbers were not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSeveral studies compared basal insulin formulations including glargine U100, detemir U100, glargine U300, and degludec U100 and found similar glycemic control.
“Several studies have compared different basal insulin formulations, including glargine U100, insulin detemir U100, glargine U300, and degludec U100, with similar glycemic control results.92,107,1343–1346”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [92]
The Study Design and Blood Glucose Control sections compare intensive with conventional insulin therapy in surgical ICU patients, not basal insulin formulations. Searches for glargine, detemir, and degludec found no passage comparing those formulations or reporting similar glycemic control among them; page numbers were unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Reported recommendations for obese patients are based on randomized trials of hypocaloric intake performed more than 20 years ago in less than 50 patients and models based on observational data summarized by Dickerson et al.
“Reported recommendations ( 43) are based on randomized trials of hypocaloric intake performed more than 20 years ago in less than 50 patients and models based on observational data and summarized by Dickerson et al. (350).”
From ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. (2019) · cites this paper as [350]
The Study Design and Study Population passages describe a 1,548-patient trial of intensive insulin therapy and its feeding schedule, not the evidence behind recommendations for obese patients. Searches for hypocaloric trials, fewer than 50 patients, and observational models found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere are large protein losses (20-30 g/L) in this trauma population.
“Higher protein intake reaching 1.5 to 2 g/kg/day may be considered in this population, since there are large protein losses (20-30 g/L) (350).”
From ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. (2019) · cites this paper as [350]
The Study Population section reports nitrogen intake, not protein losses. The mortality table includes patients with multiple trauma or severe burns but gives no protein-loss measurements for them. Searches for protein losses and the 20–30 g/L figure found no supporting passage in our copy; page numbers were unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn a single centre study, targeting blood glucose to 80-110 mg/dL reduced ICU mortality, but this finding was not reproduced in subsequent multi-centre RCTs.
“In a single centre study, targeting blood glucose to 80-110 mg/dL reduced ICU mortality [513], however this finding was not reproduced in subsequent multi-centre RCTs [514, 515].”
From Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [513]
In hospitalized patients with and without diabetes, hyperglycemia predicts poor clinical outcome and mortality.
“Observational studies in hospitalized patients with and without diabetes indicate that hyperglycemia is a predictor of poor clinical outcome and mortality.1–4”
From A comparison study of continuous insulin infusion protocols in the medical intensive care unit: Computer-guided vs. Standard column-based algorithms (2010) · cites this paper as [4]
Early randomized trials of intensified insulin therapy in surgical and medical acute critical illness reported reduced risk of multiorgan failure, systemic infections, and short- and long-term mortality.
“Early randomized controlled trials of intensified insulin therapy in patients with surgical and medical acute critical illness reported a reduction on the risk of multiorgan failure and systemic infections,3–5 as well as short- and long-term mortality.1,4”
From A comparison study of continuous insulin infusion protocols in the medical intensive care unit: Computer-guided vs. Standard column-based algorithms (2010) · cites this paper as [4]
The rate of severe hypoglycemia (<40 mg/dL) in this trial was lower than rates reported in recent international trials of intensive glycemic control.
“The rate of severe hypoglycemic events (<40 mg/dL) observed in both arms of our trial was significantly lower than those reported in recent international trials of intensive glycemic control.3,4,8”
From A comparison study of continuous insulin infusion protocols in the medical intensive care unit: Computer-guided vs. Standard column-based algorithms (2010) · cites this paper as [4]
The overall rate of severe hypoglycemic events in international trials ranged from 5% to 28.6%.
“The overall rate of severe hypoglycemic events in international trials ranged between 5% to 28.6%.3,4,7,8,18,19”
From A comparison study of continuous insulin infusion protocols in the medical intensive care unit: Computer-guided vs. Standard column-based algorithms (2010) · cites this paper as [4]
Protocols for intensive glucose control in critically ill patients require rapid glucose results to calculate insulin dose.
“for protocols with intensive glucose control in critically ill patients (88), rapid glucose results are required in order to calculate the insulin dose.”
From Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus (2011) · cites this paper as [88]
A 2001 randomized controlled trial by van den Berghe et al. described a 34% reduction in mortality in surgical ICU patients managed with tight glucose control.
“A 2001 report of a seminal randomized controlled trial by van den Berghe et al. described a 34% reduction in mortality in surgical ICU patients managed according to a tight glucose-control protocol (88).”
From Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus (2011) · cites this paper as [88]
Intensive glycemic control improved outcomes in surgical ICU patients.
“the demonstration that intensive glycemic control improved outcomes in surgical intensive care unit (ICU) patients (69)”
From Hypoglycemia and Diabetes: A Report of a Workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and The Endocrine Society (2013) · cites this paper as [69]
Intensive insulin therapy achieved a mean blood glucose of 103 mg/dl and was associated with reduced mortality during the ICU stay and decreased overall in-hospital mortality.
“Intensive insulin therapy achieved a mean blood glucose of 103 mg/dl (5.7 mmol/l) and was associated with reduced mortality during the ICU stay and decreased overall in-hospital mortality (328).”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [328]
A mixed group of patients with and without diabetes admitted to a surgical ICU were randomized to receive intensive insulin therapy (target blood glucose 80-110 mg/dl) or conventional therapy.
“A mixed group of patients with and without diabetes admitted to a surgical ICU were randomized to receive intensive insulin therapy (target blood glucose 80–110 mg/dl [4.4–6.1 mmol/l]) or conventional therapy.”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [328]
There is relatively strong evidence from randomized controlled trials for a glycemic target of blood glucose <110 mg/dl in surgical patients in critical care units.
“There is relatively strong evidence from randomized controlled trials for a glycemic target of blood glucose <110 mg/dl (6.1 mmol/l) in surgical patients in critical care units (328–330).”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [328]
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- Authors
- Van den Berghe, G., Wouters, P., Weekers, F., Verwaest, C., Bruyninckx, F., Schetz, M., Vlasselaers, D., Ferdinande, P., Lauwers, P., & Bouillon, R.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2001-11-08
- Volume
- 345
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 1359-1367
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W1980717583
- Semantic Scholar
- fbea5f0195f44d35f827558f583cdfc44cf42cdb
- Cited by
- 9,977
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 118 · 2025: 142 · 2024: 175 · 2023: 149 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 191 · 2020: 212 · 2019: 226 · 2018: 245 · 2017: 296 · 2016: 283 · 2015: 384 · 2014: 468 · 2013: 419 · 2012: 549
- FWCI
- 212.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hyperglycemia and glycemic control in critically ill and hospitalized patients
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- intensive insulin therapy, critically ill patients, glycemic control, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, mortality, multiple organ failure, bloodstream infection, acute kidney injury, critical illness polyneuropathy, mechanical ventilation, surgical intensive care unit
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Critical Care, Female, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Intensive Care Units, Length of Stay, Male, Middle Aged, Postoperative Care, Prospective Studies, Respiration, Artificial, Logistic Models, Survival Analysis, Critical Illness, Hospital Mortality, APACHE
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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