Cited by 124Muscle metabolism and nutritionMuscle Physiology and DisordersHormonal and reproductive studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 68 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women

Open access

Smith, Gordon I., Yoshino, Jun, Reeds, Dominic N., Bradley, David, Burrows, Rachel E., Heisey, Henry D., Moseley, Anna C., Mittendorfer, Bettina·2014·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

DOI 10.1210/jc.2013-2835PMC PMC3879672

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Abstract

CONTEXT: The effect of the female sex steroids, estradiol and progesterone, on muscle protein turnover is unclear. Therefore, it is unknown whether the changes in the hormonal milieu throughout the life span in women contribute to the changes in muscle protein turnover and muscle mass (eg, age associated muscle loss). OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the effect of sex hormones on muscle protein synthesis and gene expression of growth-regulatory factors [ie, myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD1), myostatin (MSTN), follistatin (FST), and forkhead box O3 (FOXO3)]. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN: We measured the basal rate of muscle protein synthesis and the expression of muscle growth-regulatory genes in 12 premenopausal women and four groups of postmenopausal women (n=24 total) who were studied before and after treatment with T, estradiol, or progesterone or no intervention (control group). All women were healthy, and pre- and postmenopausal women were carefully matched on body mass, body composition, and insulin sensitivity. RESULTS: The muscle protein fractional synthesis rate was approximately 20% faster, and MYOD1, FST, and FOXO3 mRNA expressions were approximately 40%-90% greater (all P<.05) in postmenopausal than premenopausal women. In postmenopausal women, both T and progesterone treatment increased the muscle protein fractional synthesis rate by approximately 50% (both P<.01), whereas it was not affected by estradiol treatment and was unchanged in the control group. Progesterone treatment increased MYOD1 mRNA expression (P<.05) but had no effect on MSTN, FST, and FOXO3 mRNA expression. T and estradiol treatment had no effect on skeletal muscle MYOD1, MSTN, FST, and FOXO3 mRNA expression. CONCLUSION: Muscle protein turnover is faster in older, postmenopausal women compared with younger, premenopausal women, but these age-related differences do not appear to be explained by the age- and menopause-related changes in the plasma sex hormone milieu.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In healthy postmenopausal women, testosterone and progesterone treatment increased basal muscle protein synthesis, whereas estradiol did not. Postmenopausal women also had faster basal muscle protein synthesis and higher expression of several muscle growth-regulatory genes than matched premenopausal women.

Key findings

Muscle protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) was approximately 20% faster in postmenopausal than premenopausal women (P = .02), and MYOD1, FST, and FOXO3 mRNA expression was approximately 40%–90% greater (all P < .05).
In postmenopausal women, testosterone and progesterone treatment each increased muscle protein FSR by approximately 50% (both P < .01), while estradiol treatment had no effect and the control group was unchanged.
Progesterone treatment increased MYOD1 mRNA expression (P < .05) but had no effect on MSTN, FST, or FOXO3; testosterone and estradiol had no effect on MYOD1, MSTN, FST, or FOXO3 mRNA expression.
The authors conclude that age- and menopause-related differences in basal muscle protein turnover in women do not appear to be explained by changes in the plasma sex hormone milieu.

Methods

Longitudinal, randomized, controlled study in 12 premenopausal and 24 postmenopausal sedentary, weight-stable women; postmenopausal women were randomized to control, testosterone, estradiol, or progesterone (n = 6 per group).
Basal mixed muscle protein FSR was measured with a 5-hour [5,5,5-²H₃]leucine infusion and quadriceps muscle biopsies at 120 and 300 minutes; muscle MYOD1, MSTN, FST, and FOXO3 mRNA expression was measured by real-time PCR.
Pre- vs postmenopausal comparisons used t tests or Mann-Whitney U tests; treatment effects used repeated-measures ANOVA with Tukey post hoc tests, and gene expression used Kruskal-Wallis with Bonferroni-corrected Mann-Whitney post hoc analyses.

Limitations

The paper states that muscle protein breakdown rates and changes in muscle mass were not measured, so it cannot determine whether progesterone-induced increases in synthesis produce net muscle protein gain or increased muscle mass.
The paper states that it cannot determine whether larger pharmacological estradiol doses, more prolonged treatment, or estradiol plus progesterone combination therapy would produce different outcomes; it also notes that the estradiol effect was so small (0.0003% ± 0.011%/h) that more than 50,000 subjects would be needed to detect it.
Evident from the text: each postmenopausal treatment group had only 6 women, treatment durations were relatively short (21 days for testosterone; intermittent active treatment over about 71 days for estradiol and progesterone), and participants were healthy, sedentary, weight-stable women, which may limit generalizability.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1210/jc.2013-2835

Cites

65 of 65 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 68 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The muscle protein fractional synthesis rate was approximately 20% faster, and MYOD1, FST, and FOXO3 mRNA expressions were approximately 40%-90% greater (all P Ͻ .05) in postmenopausal than premenopausal women.”
- Also stated in: § Pre-vs postmenopausal women · plain
  “The muscle protein FSR was approximately 20% greater (P ϭ .02; Figure 1) and MYOD1, FST, and FOXO3 mRNA expressions were approximately 40%-90% greater (P Ͻ .05; Figure 2) in postmenopausal than premenopausal women.”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedn = 12
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“T and estradiol treatment had no effect on skeletal muscle MYOD1, MSTN, FST, and FOXO3 mRNA expression.”
- Also stated in: § Effect of hormone treatments in postmenopausal women · plain
  “T and estradiol treatment had no effect on skeletal muscle MYOD1, MSTN, FST, and FOXO3 mRNA expression; progesterone treatment significantly increased MYOD1 mRNA expression”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Progesterone treatment increased MYOD1 mRNA expression (P Ͻ .05)but had no effect on MSTN, FST, and FOXO3 mRNA expression.”
- Also stated in: § Effect of hormone treatments in postmenopausal women · plain
  “progesterone treatment significantly increased MYOD1 mRNA expression (P Ͻ .05)but had no effect on MSTN, FST, and FOXO3 mRNA expression (Figure 4).”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The muscle protein fractional synthesis rate was approximately 20% faster, and MYOD1, FST, and FOXO3 mRNA expressions were approximately 40%-90% greater (all P Ͻ .05) in postmenopausal than premenopausal women.”
- Also stated in: § Pre-vs postmenopausal women · plain
  “The muscle protein FSR was approximately 20% greater (P ϭ .02; Figure 1) and MYOD1, FST, and FOXO3 mRNA expressions were approximately 40%-90% greater (P Ͻ .05; Figure 2) in postmenopausal than premenopausal women.”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedn = 4
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas it was not affected by estradiol treatment and was unchanged in the control group.”
- Also stated in: § Effect of hormone treatments in postmenopausal women · plain
  “Estradiol treatment did not affect the muscle protein FSR”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and was unchanged in the control group.”
- Also stated in: § Effect of hormone treatments in postmenopausal women · plain
  “The average muscle protein FSR was unchanged in the control group (Figure 3)”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In postmenopausal women, both T and progesterone treatment increased the muscle protein fractional synthesis rate by approximately 50% (both P Ͻ .01)”
- Also stated in: § Effect of hormone treatments in postmenopausal women · plain
  “Estradiol treatment did not affect the muscle protein FSR, whereas both T and progesterone treatment increased it by approximately 50% (both P Ͻ .01; Figure 3).”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes

Show all 39 claims

Probably not a substantial claim. 20
It may state two separate claims as one. 22
The quote only partly states this claim. 2

What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pre-and postmenopausal women were well matched on total body mass, body mass index, body composition, and insulin sensitivity (Table 1).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
  “pre-and postmenopausal women were carefully matched on body mass, body composition, and insulin sensitivity.”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Pre-vs postmenopausal women
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“T is a well-known anabolic steroid; it increases muscle protein synthesis (3-7) and muscle mass (8 -11)”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
- Not checked yetcites [4]
- Not checked yetcites [5]
- Not checked yetcites [6]
- Not checked yetcites [7]
- Not checked yetcites [8]
- Not checked yetcites [9]
- Not checked yetcites [10]
- Not checked yetcites [11]
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a study on rodents showed that ovariectomy increases and progesterone and estradiol suppress the rate of muscle protein synthesis (13).”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“oral administration of synthetic female sex hormone derivatives alters the concentration of anabolic and catabolic hormones (eg, IGF-I, cortisol) in plasma, whereas systemic delivery of unmodified hormones does not (20 -22).”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20]
- Not checked yetcites [21]
- Not checked yetcites [22]
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“that supports this concept and helps explain the ageassociated loss of muscle mass in the face of an increased muscle protein synthesis rate.”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Changes in mRNA expression of catabolic genes (FOXO3 and MuRF1) reflect changes in muscle protein breakdown rate.
In the paper
“whereas a study conducted in growing steer found that estradiol increases the rate of muscle protein synthesis (50).”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the concomitant up-regulation of both muscle protein synthesis and breakdown in old compared with young women might further be indicative of increased skeletal muscle remodeling in post-compared with premenopausal women.”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Muscle mass is determined by the balance between muscle protein synthesis and breakdown, so a higher synthesis rate with declining muscle mass implies increased breakdown.
In the paper
“The free leucine labeling in muscle tissue fluid was chosen to represent the immediate precursor for muscle protein synthesis (ie, aminoacyl-t-RNA) (41).”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Calculations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The lack of effect of estradiol on muscle growth-regulatory gene expression in our study is consistent with the results from studies conducted in rodents.”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45]
- Not checked yetcites [46]
- Not checked yetcites [47]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, estradiol treatment augments muscle MYOD1 expression during recovery from muscle injury in ovariectomized rats (45,46,49) and prevents the orchidetcomy-induced decrease in FBXO32 expression (47).”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45]
- Not checked yetcites [46]
- Not checked yetcites [49]
- Not checked yetcites [47]
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and less in women who use oral, hormonal contraceptives compared with those who do not (16).”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Our study confirms previous observations by our own and other research groups concerning the anabolic effect of T (3-7) and an age-related up-regulation of both stimulatory and inhibitory muscle growth regulatory genes and accelerated basal muscle protein turnover in women (14,43,44), which might be indicative of increased skeletal muscle remodeling in post-compared with premenopausal women.”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
- Not checked yetcites [4]
- Not checked yetcites [5]
- Not checked yetcites [6]
- Not checked yetcites [7]
- Not checked yetcites [14]
- Not checked yetcites [43]
- Not checked yetcites [44]
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“our data suggest that the mechanism(s) responsible for the anabolic effect of progesterone is different from that of T and therefore most likely the result of progesterone receptor rather than androgen receptor activation”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53]
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Evidence is emerging that increased adiposity may affect the rate of muscle protein turnover (19)”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Others, however, reported no difference in the rate of muscle protein synthesis between hormone users and nonusers (16), between young and old women (17), or between women who were studied during the follicular or the luteal phases of their menstrual cycle (18).”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16]
- Not checked yetcites [17]
- Not checked yetcites [18]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“other investigators reported that the basal rate of muscle protein synthesis is less in women who received estrogen replacement therapy after hysterectomy than age-matched postmenopausal women (15)”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is conceivable (although we consider it unlikely) that our study was underpowered to detect a change in muscle protein FSR after estradiol treatment.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
  “In fact, the pre-and posttreatment difference in muscle protein FSR in the estradiol group was so small (0.0003% Ϯ 0.011%/h) that we would have needed more than 50 000 subjects to detect it with a sufficiently small probability of type I error (␣ Ͻ .05) and sufficient power (Ն .80) to reject the null hypothesis.”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“the other reported an increase (56) but lacked a placebo control group to rigorously judge the effect.”
§ Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.

37 of 37

The paper relies on this without support.
Muscle mass is determined by the balance between muscle protein synthesis and breakdown, so a higher synthesis rate with declining muscle mass implies increased breakdown.
“our data from young, premenopausal vs older, postmenopausal women (greater synthesis rate in old compared with young women) and the well-established decline in muscle mass with aging (59 -61) indicate that older women must (by deduction) also have an increased rate of muscle protein breakdown.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Changes in mRNA expression of catabolic genes (FOXO3 and MuRF1) reflect changes in muscle protein breakdown rate.
“we (present study) and others (44) have observed an age-related upregulation of catabolic genes (ie, FOXO3 and MuRF1 mRNA expression) in muscle that supports this concept and helps explain the ageassociated loss of muscle mass in the face of an increased muscle protein synthesis rate.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Increased MYOD1 mRNA expression reflects increased satellite cell activation.
“Increased progesterone-induced MYOD1 expression suggests increased satellite cell activation may play a role in this observation.”

3 of 3

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IGF-I mass-concentration units differ between tables
Minor
Table 1 gives IGF-I concentrations in ng/dL, while Table 2 gives comparable baseline concentrations in ng/mL. Those units differ by a factor of 100, without a corresponding difference in the reported concentrations.
Cortisol mass-concentration units differ between tables
Minor
Table 1 labels baseline cortisol concentrations in ng/dl, whereas Table 2 labels concentrations for the same study population in ng/mL. The similar numerical values and nM concentrations do not reflect a 100-fold unit change.
IGF-BP3 mass-concentration units differ between tables
Minor
Table 1 labels IGF-BP3 concentrations in ng/dL, but Table 2 labels comparable baseline concentrations in ng/mL. The numerical values are on the same scale despite the 100-fold difference between those units.

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Authors: Smith, G. I., Yoshino, J., Reeds, D. N., Bradley, D., Burrows, R. E., Heisey, H. D., Moseley, A. C., & Mittendorfer, B.
Affiliations: Washington University in St. Louis (US)
Corresponding author: Mittendorfer, Bettina
ORCID: Smith, Gordon I.
Yoshino, Jun
Reeds, Dominic N.
Bradley, David
Heisey, Henry D.
Mittendorfer, Bettina
Venue: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 2014-01
Volume: 99
Issue: 1
Pages: 256-265
ISSN: 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
1945-7197
DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2835
PMC: PMC3879672
OpenAlex: W1984814458
Semantic Scholar: 212b5fbdc15425ec0f98adb01fa360fe295f8550
Cited by: 124
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4
FWCI: 3.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (KL2TR000450, 5p41rr000954-34, UL1TR000448)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL007456)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-94483, DK56341, R01DK094483, P30DK056341)
National Center for Research Resources (P41-RR000954, RR024994, RR-024992, RR 00954, KL2RR024994, UL1RR024992)
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P50HD057796, HD57796)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
Keywords: muscle protein synthesis, postmenopausal women, testosterone, progesterone, estradiol, sex hormones, muscle protein turnover, myostatin, follistatin, FOXO3, age-related muscle loss, skeletal muscle
MeSH terms: Adult, Blood Glucose, Body Composition, Estradiol, Female, Humans, Insulin, Middle Aged, Muscle Proteins, Progesterone, Testosterone, Gene Expression, Premenopause, Postmenopause, Muscle, Skeletal

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Testosterone and Progesterone, But Not Estradiol, Stimulate Muscle Protein Synthesis in Postmenopausal Women

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