The Acute Effects of Human Growth Hormone Administration on Thyroid Function in Normal Men*

GRUNFELD, CARL; SHERMAN, BARRY M.; CAVALIERI, RALPH R.

doi:10.1210/jcem-67-5-1111

Cited by 108Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth FactorsThyroid Disorders and TreatmentsHormonal and reproductive studies

The Acute Effects of Human Growth Hormone Administration on Thyroid Function in Normal Men*

GRUNFELD, CARL, SHERMAN, BARRY M., CAVALIERI, RALPH R.·1988·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

DOI 10.1210/jcem-67-5-1111

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

GH replacement therapy may lead to alterations in serum TSH and/or thyroid hormone values in GH-deficient patients, but there is no consensus on the explanation for these changes. We examined the effect of GH administration (0.125 mg, sc, daily for 4 days) on thyroid function in 20 normal men. Serum T4 levels decreased by 8%, and serum free T4 index values decreased by 5%. In contrast, serum T3 levels increased by 21%; serum rT3 did not change. These changes were accompanied by a 54% decrease in the mean serum TSH level. While it is not possible to draw conclusions about hormone production and disposal rates from changes in serum levels, these data are most consistent with enhanced extrathyroidal (including intrapituitary) conversion of T4 to T3 and a compensatory decrease in TSH secretion.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1210/jcem-67-5-1111

Cites

9 of 9 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

GH replacement in GH-deficient subjects decreases serum T4 and rT3 and increases serum T3, suggesting GH and/or IGF-1 stimulates peripheral deiodination of T4.
“Growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in GH-deficient subjects decreases serum T4 and rT3 levels, with a concomitant rise in serum T3 levels (196, 197). This suggests a stimulatory effect of GH and/or insulin-like growth factor 1 on the peripheral deiodination of T4.”
From Guidelines for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism: Prepared by the American Thyroid Association Task Force on Thyroid Hormone Replacement (2014) · cites this paper as [197]

Induction of Immunoreactive Somatomedin C in Human Serum by Growth Hormone: Dose-Response Relationships and Effect on Chromatographic Profiles*
Copeland, K. C., Underwood, L. E., & Wyk, J. J. V. (1980) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-50-4-690 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Reversible Hypothyroidism in Growth Hormone-Deficient Children Treated with Human Growth Hormone
Lippe, B. M., Herle, A. J. V., LAFRANCHI, S. H., Uller, R. P., Lavin, N., & Kaplan, S. A. (1975) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-40-4-612 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Enhanced Peripheral Conversion of Thyroxine to Triiodothyronine During hGH Therapy in GH Deficient Children
Sato, T., Suzuki, Y., Taketani, T., ISHICURO, K., MASUYAMA, T., Takata, I., Sano, M., KAWASHIMA, H., Koizumi, S., & Nakajima, H. (1977) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-45-2-324 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Inhibition of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone-Mediated Secretion of Thyrotropin by Human Growth Hormone
Root, A. W., Snyder, P. J., Rezvani, I., DiGeorge, A. M., & Utiger, R. D. (1973) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-36-1-103 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Evaluation of a Simplified Technique for the Specific Measurement of Serum Thyroxine Concentration
Braverman, L. E., Vagenakis, A. G., Foster, A. E., & Ingbar, S. H. (1971) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-32-4-497 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
ABNORMAL THYROXINE METABOLISM IN HYPOSOMATOTROPHIC DWARFISM AND INHIBITION OF RESPONSIVENESS TO TRH DURING GH THERAPY
Porter, B. A., Refetoff, S., Rosenfield, R. L., DeGroot, L. J., Fang, V. S., & Stark, V. J. (1973) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.51.4.668 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Action of Human Growth Hormone (hGH) on Extrathyroidal Conversion of Thyroxine (T4) to Triiodothyronine (T3) in Children with Hypopituitarism
Rezvani, I., DiGeorge, A. M., Dowshen, S. A., & Bourdony, C. J. (1981) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-198101000-00002 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Effect of Human Growth Hormone on Thyroidal Secretion, Radiothyroxine Turnover and Transport in Man
Oliner, L., & BALLANTINE, J. J. (1968) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-28-5-603 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Parameters of thyroid function in patients with active acromegaly
Corrigan, D. F., Wartofsky, L., Dimond, R. C., Schaaf, M., Earll, J. M., Rogers, J. E., WRIGHT, F. D., & Burman, K. D. (1978) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(78)90166-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Guidelines for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism: Prepared by the American Thyroid Association Task Force on Thyroid Hormone Replacement
Jonklaas, J., Bianco, A. C., Bauer, A. J., Burman, K. D., Cappola, A. R., Celi, F. S., Cooper, D. S., Kim, B. W., Peeters, R. P., Rosenthal, M. S., et al. (2014) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0028 · Cited by 1,928 · see citing works
“Growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in GH-deficient subjects decreases serum T4 and rT3 levels, with a concomitant rise in serum T3 levels (196, 197).”
The effects of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone on body composition and metabolism in adults with growth hormone deficiency
Salomon, F., Cuneo, R. C., Hesp, R., & Sönksen, P. H. (1989) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198912283212605 · Cited by 1,326 · see citing works
Treatment of adults with growth hormone (GH) deficiency with recombinant human GH.
Bengtsson, B. Å., Edén, S., Lönn, L., Kvist, H., Stokland, A. M., Lindstedt, G., Bosaeus, I. G., Tölli, J., Sjöström, L., & Isaksson, O. G. P. (1993) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.76.2.8432773 · Cited by 780 · see citing works
Selenium, the Thyroid, and the Endocrine System
Köhrle, J., Jakob, F. J., Contempré, B., & Dumont, J. E. (2005) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2001-0034 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
The effect of growth hormone administration in growth hormone deficient adults on bone, protein, carbohydrate and lipid homeostasis, as well as on body composition
Binnerts, A., Swart, G. R., Wilson, J. H. P., Hoogerbrugge, N., Pois, H. A. P., Birkenhager, J. C., & Lamberts, S. W. J. (1992) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1992.tb02287.x · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Receptor and Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy
Smith, T. J., & Janssen, J. A. M. J. L. (2018) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00066 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Serum lipid levels in growth hormone-deficient men
de Boer, H., Blok, G. J., Voerman, H. J., Phillips, M., & Schouten, J. A. (1994) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(94)90245-3 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Effects of Growth Hormone Therapy on Thyroid Function of Growth Hormone-Deficient Adults with and without Concomitant Thyroxine-Substituted Central Hypothyroidism*
JøRGENSEN, J. O. L., PEDERSEN, S. A., LAURBERG, P., WEEKE, J., SKAKKEBÆK, N. E., & CHRISTIANSEN, J. S. (1989) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-69-6-1127 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Growth hormone administration stimulates energy expenditure and extrathyroidal conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in a dose-dependent manner and suppresses circadian thyrotrophin levels: studies in GH-deficient adults
Jørgensen, J. O. L., Møller, J., Laursen, T., Ørskov, H., Christiansen, J. S., & Weeke, J. (1994) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb01826.x · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Clinical and hormonal characteristics of central hypothyroidism at diagnosis and during follow-up in adult patients
Alexopoulou, O., Beguin, C., De Nayer, P., & Maiter, D. (2004) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1500001 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
The effect of growth hormone replacement on cortisol metabolism and glucocorticoid sensitivity in hypopituitary adults
Weaver, J. U., Theventhiran, L., Noonan, K., Burrin, J. M., Taylor, N., Norman, M. R., & Monson, J. P. (1994) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb01830.x · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Unmasking of central hypothyroidism following growth hormone replacement in adult hypopituitary patients
Agha, A., Walker, D., Perry, L., Drake, W. M., Chew, S. L., Jenkins, P. J., Grossman, A. B., & Monson, J. P. (2007) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02688.x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Recombinant Human GH Replacement Therapy and Thyroid Function in a Large Group of Adult GH-Deficient Patients: When Does L-T4 Therapy Become Mandatory?
Porretti, S., Giavoli, C., Ronchi, C. L., Lombardi, G., Zaccaria, M., Valle, D., Arosio, M., & Beck‐Peccoz, P. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.87.5.8479 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Human Growth
Roche, A. F., & Sun, S. S. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511525681 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The GH/IGF-1 Axis and Heart Failure
Castellano, G., Affuso, F., Conza, P. D., & Fazio, S. (2009) · Current Cardiology Reviews · doi:10.2174/157340309788970306 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Central hypothyroidism
Lania, A., Persani, L., & Beck-Peccoz, P. (2008) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-008-0122-6 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Growth hormone acutely decreases type III iodothyronine deiodinase in chicken liver
Darras, V. M., Berghman, L., Vanderpooten, A., & Kuhn, E. (1992) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(92)81133-7 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Applications for non-invasive thyroid hormone measurements in mammalian ecology, growth, and maintenance
Behringer, V., Deimel, C., Hohmann, G., Negrey, J. D., Schaebs, F. S., & Deschner, T. (2018) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.07.011 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Effects of growth hormone administration on fuel oxidation and thyroid function in normal man
Møller, J., Jørgensen, J. O. L., Møller, N., Christiansen, J. S., & Weeke, J. (1992) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(92)90312-x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Efficacy of a Long-Acting Growth Hormone (GH) Preparation in Patients with Adult GH Deficiency
Hoffman, A. R., Biller, B. M. K., Cook, D. M., Baptista, J., Silverman, B. L., Dao, L. N., Attie, K. M., Fielder, P. J., Maneatis, T. J., & Lippe, B. M. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0928 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Recombinant hGH replacement therapy and the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis in children with GH deficiency: when should we be concerned about the occurrence of central hypothyroidism?
Giavoli, C., Porretti, S., Ferrante, E., Cappiello, V., Ronchi, C. L., TRAVAGLINI, P., Epaminonda, P., Arosio, M., & Beck‐Peccoz, P. (2003) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01892.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Acute pretranslational regulation of type III iodothyronine deiodinase by growth hormone and dexamethasone in chicken embryos
der Geyten, S. V., Buys, N., Sanders, J. P., Decuypere, E. M. P., Visser, T. J., Kühn, E. R., & Darras, V. (1999) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(98)00218-4 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The interaction between growth hormone and the thyroid axis in hypopituitary patients: Interaction between growth hormone and thyroid axis
Behan, L. A., Monson, J. P., & Agha, A. (2011) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03815.x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Long-term effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on thyroid function in adults with growth hormone deficiency
Losa, M., Scavini, M., Gatti, E., Rossini, A., Madaschi, S., Formenti, I., Caumo, A., Stidley, C. A., & Lanzi, R. (2008) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2008.0266 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Growth and thyroid function in children treated with growth hormone
Pirazzoli, P., Cacciarl, E., Mandini, M., Sganga, T., Capelli, M., Cicognani, A., & Gualandi, S. C. (1992) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(05)81190-4 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Repeated Administration of Recombinant Human Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I in Patients After Gastric Surgery
Goeters, C., Mertes, N., Tacke, R., Bolder, U., Kuhmann, M., Lawin, P., & Löhlein, D. (1995) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/00000658-199511000-00007 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Thyroid hormones and growth hormone secretion
Valcavi, R., Zini, M., & Portioli, I. (1992) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03348744 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Changes in Thyroid Hormone Levels during Growth Hormone Therapy in Initially Euthyroid Patients: Lack of Need for Thyroxine Supplementation
Wyatt, D. T., Gesundheit, N., & Sherman, B. M. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.10.5202 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
Growth hormone stimulates hepatic thyroxine 5′-monodeiodinase activity and 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine levels in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
MacLatchy, D. L., & Eales, J. G. (1990) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/0016-6480(90)90002-4 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Growth hormone does not increase thyroid size in the absence of thyrotropin: a study in adults with hypopituitarism
Cheung, N. W., Lou, J. C., & Boyages, S. C. (1996) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.81.3.1179 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Metabolic Consequences of 5-Year Growth Hormone (GH) Therapy in Children Treated with GH for Idiopathic Short Stature
Saenger, P. H., Attie, K. M., DiMartino-Nardi, J., Hintz, R. L., Frahm, L., & Frane, J. W. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.9.5089 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Low dose continuously infused growth hormone results in increased lipoprotein(a) and decreased low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in middle‐aged men
Oscarsson, J., Ottosson, M., Wiklund, O., Mårin, P., Vikman, K., Björntorp, P. A., & Edén, S. (1994) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb03791.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Endogenous growth hormone controls high plasma levels of 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine (T3) in growing chickens by decreasing the T3-degrading type III deiodinase activity
Darras, V., Rudas, P., Visser, T. J., Hall, T. R., HUYBRECHTS, L. M., Vanderpooten, A., Berghman, L. R., Decuypere, E. M. P., & Kühn, E. R. (1993) · Domestic Animal Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/0739-7240(93)90008-y · Cited by 40 · see citing works
State of the art paper Thyroid diseases in patients with acromegaly
Dąbrowska, A. M., Tarach, J. S., Kurowska, M., & Nowakowski, A. M. (2013) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms.2013.36924 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Thyroid function in non-growth hormone-deficient short children during a placebo-controlled double blind trial of recombinant growth hormone therapy
Rose, S. R., Leong, G. M., Yanovski, J. A., Blum, D., Heavner, G., Barnes, K. M., Chipman, J. J., Dichek, H. L., Jacobsen, J., & Klein, K. (1995) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.80.1.7829634 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on levels of cortisol and cortisol-binding globulin in hypopituitary adults
Tschöp, M., Lahner, H., Feldmeier, H., Grasberger, H., Morrison, K. M., Janssen, O. E., Attanasio, A., & Strasburger, C. J. (2000) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1430769 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Evidence for a negative feedback in the control of eel growth hormone by thyroid hormones
Rousseau, K., Belle, N. L., Sbaihi, M., Marchelidon, J., Schmitz, M., & Dufour, S. (2002) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1750605 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Performance, plasma hormones, histochemical and biochemical muscle traits, and meat quality of pigs administered exogenous somatotropin between 30 or 60 kilograms and 100 kilograms body weight1
Lafaucheur, L., Missohou, A., Ecolan, P., Monin, G., & Bonneau, M. (1992) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/1992.70113401x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Hormonal Regulation of Growth and Metabolic Effects of Growth Hormone
Kaplan, S. L. (1999) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp070505 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on basal metabolic rate in adults with pituitary deficiency
Stenlöf, K., Sjöström, L., Lönn, L., Bosaeus, I. G., Kvist, H., Tölli, J., Lindstedt, G., & Bengtsson, B. (1995) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(95)90291-0 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
GH Deficiency and Replacement Therapy in Hypopituitarism: Insight Into the Relationships With Other Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axes
Profka, E., Rodari, G., Giacchetti, F., & Giavoli, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.678778 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Proteolytic Cleavage of Human Growth Hormone (hGH) by Rat Tissuesin Vitro: Influence on the Kinetics of Exogenously Administered hGH*
Wroblewski, V. J., Masnyk, M., & Becker, G. W. (1991) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-129-1-465 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Recombinant human growth hormone treatment at low doses does not significantly change thyroid function in growth hormone deficient adults
Amato, G., Izzo, G., Salzano, I., & Bellastella, A. (1996) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03349017 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Growth Hormone (GH)-Deficiency in Adults: Clinical Features and Effects of GH Substitution
Jørgensen, J. O. L., Maller, J., Wolthers, T., Vahl, N., Juul, A., Skakkehaek, N. E., & Christiansen, J. S. (1994) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem.1994.7.4.283 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Low FT4 Concentrations around the Start of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Treatment: Predictor of Congenital Structural Hypothalamic-Pituitary Abnormalities?
van Iersel, L., van Santen, H. M., Zandwijken, G. R. J., Zwaveling‐Soonawala, N., Hokken-Koelega, A., & van Trotsenburg, A. S. P. (2018) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000486033 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Thyroid function in short children born small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) before and during GH treatment
Kort, S. W. K. D., Willemsen, R. H., van der Kaay, D. C. M., van Dijk, M., Visser, T. J., & Hokken-Koelega, A. (2008) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03195.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Evolving pituitary hormone deficits in primarily isolated GHD: a review and experts’ consensus
Binder, G., Schnabel, D., Reinehr, T., Pfäffle, R. W., Dörr, H., Bettendorf, M., Hauffa, B. P., & Woelfle, J. (2020) · Molecular and Cellular Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s40348-020-00108-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Recombinant growth hormone: A new cardiovascular drug therapy
Gomberg‐Maitland, M., & Frishman, W. H. (1996) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/s0002-8703(96)90469-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Insulin-like growth factor I reduces thyroid hormone receptors in the rat liver. Evidence for a feed-back loop regulating the peripheral thyroid hormone action
Pellizas, C. G., Coleoni, A. H., Costamagna, M. E., Fulvio, M. D., & Masini-Repiso, A. M. (1998) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1580087 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Determinants of growth
Roche, A. F., & Sun, S. S. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511525681.004 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Focus on GH deficiency and thyroid function
Giavoli, C., Profka, E., Rodari, G., Lania, A. G., & Beck‐Peccoz, P. (2017) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2017.02.003 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The effect of recombinant IGF‐I on anterior pituitary function in healthy volunteers
Trainer, P. J., Holly, J. M. P., Medbak, S., REES, L. H., & BESSER, G. M. (1994) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02796.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Growth hormone corrects acidosis-induced renal nitrogen wasting and renal phosphate depletion and attenuates renal magnesium wasting in humans
Mahlbacher, K., Sicuro, A., Gerber, H., Hulter, H. N., & Krapf, R. (1999) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(99)90177-4 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Central Hypothyroidism Related to Pituitary Adenomas: Low Incidence of Central Hypothyroidism in Patients With Acromegaly
Takamizawa, T., Horiguchi, K., Nakajima, Y., Okamura, T., Ishida, E., Matsumoto, S., Yoshino, S., Yamada, E., Saitoh, T., Ozawa, A., et al. (2019) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2019-00466 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A Risk-Benefit Assessment of Growth Hormone Use in Children
Blethen, S. L., & MacGillivray, M. H. (1997) · Drug Safety · doi:10.2165/00002018-199717050-00003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Growth hormone therapy in Turner's syndrome: one versus two daily injections
Schepper, J. D., Craen, M., Massa, G., Heinrichs, C., Maes, M., Caju, M. D., Rausin, L., & Bourguignon, J.-P. (1994) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.79.2.489 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Diurnal Variations in Twenty-Four-Hour Energy Expenditure During Growth Hormone Treatment of Adults with Pituitary Deficiency
Stenlöf, K., Johansson, J.-O., Lönn, L., Sjöström, L., & Bengtsson, B. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.82.4.1255 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Prolactin insufficiency but normal thyroid hormone levels after cranial radiotherapy in long‐term survivors of childhood leukaemia
Follin, C., Link, K., Wiebe, T., Moëll, C., Björk, J., & Erfurth, E. M. (2012) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12111 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Thyroid function in children with growth hormone deficiency during long-term growth hormone replacement therapy
Witkowska–Sędek, E., Borowiec, A., Majcher, A., Sobol, M., Rumińska, M., & Pyrżak, B. (2018) · Central European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.5114/ceji.2018.80043 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Preserved thyroidal secretion of thyroxione in acromegalic patients with suppressed hypophyseal secretion of thyrotrophin
Yoshinari, M., Tokuyama, T., Kuroda, T., Sato, K., Okazawa, K., Mizokami, T., Okamura, K., & Fujishima, M. (1992) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1992.tb01460.x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Effect of growth hormone therapy on thyroid status of girls with Turner's syndrome*
Massa, G., de Zegher, F., & Vanderschueren‐Lodeweyckx, M. (1991) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1991.tb00295.x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Thyroid Hormone Changes Related to Growth Hormone Therapy in Growth Hormone Deficient Patients
Kucharská, A., Witkowska–Sędek, E., Rumińska, M., & Pyrżak, B. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10225354 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Effects of 20-kDa Human Placental GH in Male and Female GH-deficient Mice: An Improved Human GH?
List, E. O., Berryman, D. E., Basu, R., Buchman, M., Funk, K. R., Kulkarni, P., Duran‐Ortiz, S., Qian, Y., Jensen, E., Young, J. A., et al. (2020) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqaa097 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Effect of somatotropin and protein supplement on thyroid function of dairy cattle
McClean, C., & Laarveld, B. (1991) · Canadian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.4141/cjas91-127 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effect of Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy on Pituitary Hormone Secretion and Hormone Replacement Therapies in GHD Adults
Hubina, E., Mersebach, H., Rasmussen, Å. K., Juul, A., Sneppen, S. B., Góth, M., & Feldt‐Rasmussen, U. (2004) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000076538 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Supra-physiological rhGH administration induces gender-related differences in the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis in healthy individuals
Sgrò, P., Sansone, M., Parisi, A., Sartório, A., Sansone, A., Romanelli, F., Lenzi, A., & Luigi, L. D. (2016) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-016-0489-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Pituitary disease mortality: is it fiction?
Erfurth, E. M., Siesjö, P., & Björk‐Eriksson, T. (2013) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-013-0469-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hormonas tiroideas en la reproducción y en la producción láctea del ganado lechero: revisión de literatura
Morales, C. A., & Rodríguez, N. (2016) · Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias · doi:10.17533/udea.rccp.324002 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The effects of recombinant human growth hormone therapy on thyroid function in pediatric patients with growth hormone deficiency
Yao, Q., Zheng, D., Liang, Y., Hou, L., Ying, Y., Luo, X., & Wu, W. (2021) · Translational Pediatrics · doi:10.21037/tp-20-401 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Characterization of angiotensin II receptors (binding and mRNA) in the rat thyroid gland
Montiel, M., & Jiménez, E. (1998) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/jme.0.0200299 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Effect of supra-physiological dose administration of rhGH on pituitary-thyroid axis in healthy male athletes
Sgrò, P., Guidetti, L., Crescioli, C., Baldari, C., Romanelli, F., Bianchini, S., D’Armiento, M., Lenzi, A., & Luigi, L. D. (2010) · Regulatory Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2010.06.010 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Octreotide and Bromocriptine Suppress Thyroid Hormone Levels and Thyroid Nodule in an Acromegalic Patient with Nontoxic Autonomous Goiter.
Sakane, N., Yoshida, T., Shimatsu, A., UMEKAWA, T., & Kondo, M. (1997) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.44.305 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
EFFECTS OF GROWTH HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY ON THYROID FUNCTION TESTS IN GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENT CHILDREN
Moayeri, H., Hemati, A., Bidad, K., & Dalili, H. (2008) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Correlation between Severity of Growth Hormone Deficiency and Thyroid Metabolism and Effects of Long-Term Growth Hormone Treatment on Thyroid Function in Children with Idiopathic Growth Hormone Deficiency
Ciresi, A., Guarnotta, V., Amato, M. C., & Giordano, C. S. D. S. (2014) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000356907 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Peptide Hormones, Metformin and New-Wave Practices and Research Therapies
Graham, M. R., Baker, J. S., & Davies, B. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-53535-1_11 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Differential Modulation of Liver and Pituitary Triiodothyronine and 9- cis Retinoid Acid Receptors by Insulin-Like Growth Factor I in Rats
Pellizas, C. G., Montesinos, M. M., Masini-Repiso, A. M., Torres, A. I., & Coleoni, A. H. (2002) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/105072502321085162 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Growth Hormone Replacement Causes a Transient Change in Thyroid Function
Soares, D. V., Brasil, R. R. L. O., Spina, L. D. C., da Silva, E. M. C., Lobo, P. M., Buescu, A., o, F. V. L. C. C., & Vaisman, M. (2005) · The Endocrinologist · doi:10.1097/01.ten.0000170842.84948.e5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cognitive Status of Adult Growth Hormone (GH)-Deficient Patients and GH-Induced Neuropsychological Changes
Deijen, J. B., & Arwert, L. I. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012088484-1/50025-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Impacto do tratamento com GH sobre as funções tireoidiana e adrenal
Martins, M. R. A., & Abucham, J. (2008) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-27302008000500022 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Secular changes in growth and maturity
Roche, A. F., & Sun, S. S. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511525681.005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Measurement and assessment
Roche, A. F., & Sun, S. S. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511525681.002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effect of insulin‐like growth factor I on anterior pituitary function
Trainer, P. J. (1994) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13318.x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
HYPOTHYROIDISM?
(1990) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)91195-g · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Physiological Effects and Disease Manifestations of Performance-Enhancing Androgenic–Anabolic Steroids, Growth Hormone, and Insulin
Graham, M. R., Baker, J. S., Evans, P., & Davies, B. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326697.003.0007 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Farmaci che interferiscono con la funzione tiroidea
Trimarchi, F., & Benvenga, S. (2002) · L Endocrinologo · doi:10.1007/bf03344418 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Administration of Human Growth Hormone in Critically Ill Patients
Voerman, H. J., & THIJS, L. G. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-84904-6_15 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mild Serum Thyroid Hormone Increase during and after Five-Day Administration of Human Growth Hormone in Healthy Male Adults
Ito, Y., Urae, A., & Okuno, A. (1998) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.45.suppl_s125 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Case of Growth Hormone (GH) Deficient Adult with Tertiary Hypothyroidism who Showed Signs of Hyperthyroidism During GH Treatment
Satoh, M., Yoshizawa, A., Tanaka, T., & Hibi, I. (1993) · Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.1297/cpe.2.81 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Changes in thyroid volume and thyroid function in acromegaly after surgery in Chinese populationPreprint
Shao, Q., Li, J., Gao, L., Guo, X., Wang, Z., Deng, K., Lian, W., & Xing, B. (2019) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.2.14190/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Thyroid Hormones in Untreated and IGF-I Treated Patients with Laron Syndrome
Laron, Z., & Kauli, R. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11183-9_29
Patterns of change in size and body composition
Roche, A. F., & Sun, S. S. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511525681.003
Miscellaneous hormones and prostaglandins
Bouillon, R. (1979) · Side effects of drugs annual · doi:10.1016/s0378-6080(79)80049-5
Miscellaneous hormones and prostaglandins
Peters, J. (1994) · Side effects of drugs annual · doi:10.1016/s0378-6080(05)80288-0
Side Effects of Growth Hormone Treatment
Monson, J. P. (1999) · Endocrine updates · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5163-8_19
Preface
Roche, A. F., & Sun, S. S. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511525681.001
Integrated Interactions of Pituitary Growth Hormone and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
Diamond, F., & Root, A. W. (1992) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem.1992.5.3.121
References
(2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511525681.007
Significance of human growth
Roche, A. F., & Sun, S. S. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511525681.006
The interaction between growth hormone and the thyroid axis
Behan, L., & Agha, A. (2010)
Potential mechanisms linking nutrition and neuroendocrine control of reproduction in the sheep
Dobbins, A. (2004) · doi:10.33915/etd.2028

Effects of Growth Hormone Therapy on Thyroid Function of Growth Hormone-Deficient Adults with and without Concomitant Thyroxine-Substituted Central Hypothyroidism*
JøRGENSEN, J. O. L., PEDERSEN, S. A., LAURBERG, P., WEEKE, J., SKAKKEBÆK, N. E., & CHRISTIANSEN, J. S. (1989) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-69-6-1127 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Thyroid function during growth hormone therapy
Jørgensen, J. O. L., Møller, J., Skakkebæk, N. E., Weeke, J., & Christiansen, J. S. (2008) · Hormone Research · doi:10.1159/000182572 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Changes in serum thyroid hormones levels and their mechanisms during long-term growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in GH deficient children
Portes, E. S., Oliveira, J. H. A., Maccagnan, P., & Abucham, J. (2000) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.01071.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Growth hormone administration stimulates energy expenditure and extrathyroidal conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in a dose-dependent manner and suppresses circadian thyrotrophin levels: studies in GH-deficient adults
Jørgensen, J. O. L., Møller, J., Laursen, T., Ørskov, H., Christiansen, J. S., & Weeke, J. (1994) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1994.tb01826.x · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Growth hormone replacement may influence the biological action of thyroid hormone on liver and bone tissue
Glynn, N., Halsall, D. J., Boran, G. P., Cook, P. R., McDermott, J. H., Smith, D., Tormey, W. P., Thompson, C. J., O’Gorman, D. J., McKenna, M. J., et al. (2021) · Growth Hormone & IGF Research · doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2021.101393 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Authors: GRUNFELD, C., SHERMAN, B. M., & CAVALIERI, R. R.
Affiliations: San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
Venue: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 1988-11
Volume: 67
Issue: 5
Pages: 1111-1114
ISSN: 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
1945-7197
DOI: 10.1210/jcem-67-5-1111
OpenAlex: W2131223501
Cited by: 108
References: 9
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 2.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK37102)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
Keywords: human growth hormone, thyroid function, thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, triiodothyronine, reverse T3, T4 to T3 conversion, normal men
MeSH terms: Adult, Humans, Male, Recombinant Proteins, Growth Hormone, Thyroid Function Tests, Thyroid Gland, Thyrotropin, Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Acute Effects of Human Growth Hormone Administration on Thyroid Function in Normal Men*

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks