The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Evidence-based guideline: Assessment and management of psychiatric disorders in individuals with MS: Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To make evidence-based recommendations for screening, diagnosing, and treating psychiatric disorders in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: We reviewed the literature (1950 to August 2011) and evaluated the available evidence. RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Clinicians may consider using the Center for Neurologic Study Emotional Lability Scale to screen for pseudobulbar affect (Level C). Clinicians may consider the Beck Depression Inventory and a 2-question tool to screen for depressive disorders and the General Health Questionnaire to screen for broadly defined emotional disturbances (Level C). Evidence is insufficient to support/refute the use of other screening tools, the possibility that somatic/neurovegetative symptoms affect these tools' accuracy, or the use of diagnostic instruments or clinical evaluation procedures for identifying psychiatric disorders in MS (Level U). Clinicians may consider a telephone-administered cognitive behavioral therapy program for treating depressive symptoms (Level C). Although pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies are widely used to treat depressive and anxiety disorders in individuals with MS, evidence is insufficient to support/refute the use of the antidepressants and individual and group therapies reviewed herein (Level U). For pseudobulbar affect, a combination of dextromethorphan and quinidine may be considered (Level C). Evidence is insufficient to determine the psychiatric effects in individuals with MS of disease-modifying and symptomatic therapies and corticosteroids; risk factors for suicide; and treatment of psychotic disorders (Level U). Research is needed on the effectiveness in individuals with MS of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments frequently used in the non-MS population.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“The Consensus Group for depression in MS [12] and the American Academy of Neurology [13] stated that the best approach to screening for depression in general MS populations is to use the BDI-II, with a cut-off score of 13.”
From The efficacy of a Mindfulness Based Intervention for depressive symptoms in patients with Multiple Sclerosis and their caregivers: study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial. (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“They determined that the BDI and a two-question screen may be effective for identifying individuals with depression, but that evidence is insufficient to support or refute the use of the CES-D.”
From Systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions for depression and anxiety in persons with multiple sclerosis (2016) · cites this paper as Minden et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Well-developed evidence to guide the treatment of depression and anxiety in MS is lacking (Minden et al., 2014”
From Systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions for depression and anxiety in persons with multiple sclerosis (2016) · cites this paper as Minden et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The American Academy of Neurology (AAN) published guidelines on the assessment and management of psychiatric disorders in MS, specifically evaluating the evidence-base of tools for assessing symptoms and making diagnoses (Minden et al., 2014”
From Systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions for depression and anxiety in persons with multiple sclerosis (2016) · cites this paper as Minden et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“For these reasons the Goldman Consensus Conference (Goldman Consensus Group, 2005) and the American Academy of Neurology (Minden et al., 2014) have highlighted the importance of diagnosing and treating depression in people with MS.”
From The effectiveness of a body-affective mindfulness intervention for multiple sclerosis patients with depressive symptoms: A randomized controlled clinical trial (2017) · cites this paper as Minden et al., 2014
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)
Hu, R. J. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-12-226870-9/01070-4 · Cited by 9,168
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., Rush, A. J., Walters, E. E., & Wang, P. S. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3095 · Cited by 7,988
Merikangas, K. R., Akiskal, H. S., Angst, J., Greenberg, P. E., Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Petukhova, M., & Kessler, R. C. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.543 · Cited by 2,399
A health-related quality of life measure for multiple sclerosis
Vickrey, B. G., Hays, R. D., Harooni, R., Myers, L. W., & Ellison, G. W. (1995) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/bf02260859 · Cited by 1,132
Depression and multiple sclerosis
Sadovnick, A. D., Remick, R. A., Allen, J. B., Swartz, E. S., Yee, I. M. L., Eisen, K., Farquhar, R., Hashimoto, S. A., Hooge, J. P., Kastrukoff, L. F., et al. (1996) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.46.3.628 · Cited by 536
Major depression in multiple sclerosis
Patten, S. B., Beck, C. A., Williams, J. V. A., Barbui, C., & Metz, L. M. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000095964.34294.b4 · Cited by 534
Self-citationAnxiety disorders and their clinical correlates in multiple sclerosis patients
Korostil, M., & Feinstein, A. (2007) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458506071161 · Cited by 424
Self-citationAffective Disorders in Multiple Sclerosis Review and Recommendations for Clinical Research
Minden, S. L., & Schiffer, R. B. (1990) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1990.00530010124031 · Cited by 415
Self-citationCause of death in patients attending multiple sclerosis clinics
Sadovnick, A. D., Eisen, K., Ebers, G. C., & Paty, D. W. (1991) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.41.8.1193 · Cited by 401
Mood Disorder and Multiple Sclerosis
Joffe, R. T., Lippert, G. P., Gray, T. A., Sawa, G. M., & Horvath, Z. (1987) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1987.00520160018007 · Cited by 387
The Goldman Consensus statement on depression in multiple sclerosis
Goldman Consensus Group (2005) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/1352458505ms1162oa · Cited by 329 · cited 1×
“With effective treatments widely available for several emotional disorders, this component of the burden of MS can be reduced.(1,2) Undetected and untreated mental illness may worsen functioning(3) and quality of life, decrease treatment adherence,(9) and increase risk of suicide.”
BackgroundAn examination of suicidal intent in patients with multiple sclerosis
Feinstein, A. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.59.5.674 · Cited by 326
Self-citationTreatment of Depression Improves Adherence to Interferon Beta-1b Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis
Mohr, D. C., Goodkin, D., Likosky, W., Gatto, N. M., Baumann, K. A., & Rudick, R. A. (1997) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1997.00550170015009 · Cited by 306
Self-citationDepression in multiple sclerosis.
Minden, S., Orav, J., & Reich, P. (1987) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0163-8343(87)90052-1 · Cited by 267
Self-citationSuicide and multiple sclerosis: an epidemiological investigation.
Stenager, E., Stenager, E., Koch–Henriksen, N., Brønnum‐Hansen, H., Hyllested, K., Jensen, K., & Bille‐Brahe, U. (1992) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.55.7.542 · Cited by 218
Prevalence and Neurobehavioral Correlates of Pathological Laughing and Crying in Multiple Sclerosis
Feinstein, A., Feinstein, K., Gray, T., & O'Connor, P. W. (1997) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1997.00550210050012 · Cited by 189
Self-citationArnett, P. A., Higginson, C. I., Voss, W. D., Wright, B. N., Bender, W. I., Wurst, J. M., & Tippin, J. (1999) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.13.3.434 · Cited by 187
Association between bipolar affective disorder and multiple sclerosis
Schiffer, R. B., WINEMAN, N. M., & WEITKAMP, L. R. (1986) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.143.1.94 · Cited by 167
Self-citationSuicide among Danes with multiple sclerosis
Brønnum‐Hansen, H. (2005) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.056747 · Cited by 154
Depressive episodes in patients with multiple sclerosis
Schiffer, R. B., Caine, E. D., Bamford, K. A., & Levy, S. (1983) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.140.11.1498 · Cited by 137
Self-citationDepression associated with multiple sclerosis
Feinstein, A., & Feinstein, K. (2001) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00298-6 · Cited by 119
Self-citationMajor Depression and Quality of Life in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
Wang, J.-L., Reimer, M., Metz, L., & Patten, S. (2000) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/pgwt-uxj0-7ueh-lgry · Cited by 110
Self-citationPsychotic disorders in MS: Population-based evidence of an association
Patten, S. B., Svenson, L. W., & Metz, L. M. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000178998.95293.29 · Cited by 107
Self-citationPseudobulbar affect: an under-recognized and under-treated neurological disorder
Work, S. S., Colamonico, J., Bradley, W. G., & Kaye, R. E. (2011) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-011-0031-3 · Cited by 105
Can adjustment disorder and depressive episode be distinguished? Results from ODIN
Casey, P., Maracy, M., Kelly, B. D., Lehtinen, V., Ayuso-Mateos, J.-L., Dalgard, O. S., & Dowrick, C. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.01.021 · Cited by 101
Correlates of quality of life among persons with multiple sclerosis.
Gulick, E. (1997) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-199711000-00002 · Cited by 94
Suicide and Patients With Neurologic Diseases: Methodologic Problems
Stenager, E. N. (1992) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1992.00530360098025 · Cited by 93
Hypomanic reactions to ACTH and prednisone treatment for multiple sclerosis
Minden, S. L., Orav, J., & Schildkraut, J. J. (1988) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.38.10.1631 · Cited by 93
Self-citationScreening for Major Depression in the Early Stages of Multiple Sclerosis
Sullivan, M. J. L., Weinshenker, B. G., Mikail, S. F., & Bishop, S. R. (1995) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/s0317167100039895 · Cited by 89
Multiple sclerosis, depression, and suicide
Feinstein, A. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7110.691 · Cited by 82
Self-citationTreatment of Chronic, Refractory Cough with Baclofen
Dicpinigaitis, P. V., & Rauf, K. (1998) · Respiration · doi:10.1159/000029232 · Cited by 81
Multiple sclerosis, disease modifying treatments and depression: a critical methodological review
Feinstein, A. (2000) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/135245850000600509 · Cited by 69
Self-citationMultiple sclerosis: The relationship among self-esteem, social support, and coping behavior
O'Brien, M. T. (1993) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/s0897-1897(05)80103-x · Cited by 68
Cognitive-behavioral treatment of depressed affect among epileptics: Preliminary findings
Davis, G. R., Armstrong, H. E., Donovan, D. M., & Temkin, N. R. (1984) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198407)40:4 · Cited by 54
Risk Factors for Suicide in Multiple Sclerosis
Stenager, E. N., Koch‐Henriksen, N., & Stenager, E. (2010) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000289052 · Cited by 52
Finger, S. (1998) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.55.2.241 · Cited by 52
Adjustment disorders as stress-related disorders: Prevalences from a representative community survey
Maercker, A. R. A., Forstmeier, S., & Enzler-Donatsch, A. (2007) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.01.1070 · Cited by 2
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Patient Edition (SCID-I/P). New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute; 2002.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Prevalence of depression and anxiety in Multiple Sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Boeschoten, R. E., Braamse, A. M. J., Beekman, A. T. F., Cuijpers, P., van Oppen, P., Dekker, J., & Uitdehaag, B. M. J. (2017) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2016.11.067 · Cited by 713
Comorbid depression in medical diseases
Gold, S. M., Köhler‐Forsberg, O., Moss-Morris, R. E., Mehnert-Theuerkauf, A., Miranda, J. J., Bullinger, M., Steptoe, A., Whooley, M. A., & Otte, C. (2020) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-020-0200-2 · Cited by 583
The link between multiple sclerosis and depression
Feinstein, A., Magalhaes, S., Richard, J., Audet, B., & Moore, C. S. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.139 · Cited by 550
Self-citationExercise in patients with multiple sclerosis
Motl, R. W., Sandroff, B. M., Kwakkel, G., Dalgas, U., Feinstein, A., Heesen, C., Feys, P., & Thompson, A. J. (2017) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30281-8 · Cited by 459
Self-citationThe benefits of exercise training in multiple sclerosis
Motl, R. W., & Pilutti, L. A. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2012.136 · Cited by 403
Metadata
- Authors
- Minden, S. L., Feinstein, A., Kalb, R. C., Miller, D., Mohr, D. C., Patten, S. B., Bever, C., Schiffer, R. B., Gronseth, G. S., & Narayanaswami, P.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 2014-01-14
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 174-181
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- PMC
- PMC3897434
- OpenAlex
- W2026795289
- Cited by
- 230
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 13
- FWCI
- 14.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000150)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- multiple sclerosis, mental illness, depression, anxiety, pseudobulbar affect, screening, diagnosis, cognitive behavioral therapy, antidepressants, suicide risk, psychosis, emotional lability
- MeSH terms
- Affective Symptoms, Mental Disorders, Depression, Humans, Multiple Sclerosis, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Evidence-Based Medicine, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
