The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 23 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Neuroimaging measures and chemical biomarkers may be important indices of clinical progression in normal aging and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and need to be evaluated longitudinally. OBJECTIVE: To characterize cross-sectionally and longitudinally clinical measures in normal controls, subjects with MCI, and subjects with mild Alzheimer disease (AD) to enable the assessment of the utility of neuroimaging and chemical biomarker measures. METHODS: A total of 819 subjects (229 cognitively normal, 398 with MCI, and 192 with AD) were enrolled at baseline and followed for 12 months using standard cognitive and functional measures typical of clinical trials. RESULTS: The subjects with MCI were more memory impaired than the cognitively normal subjects but not as impaired as the subjects with AD. Nonmemory cognitive measures were only minimally impaired in the subjects with MCI. The subjects with MCI progressed to dementia in 12 months at a rate of 16.5% per year. Approximately 50% of the subjects with MCI were on antidementia therapies. There was minimal movement on the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale for the normal control subjects, slight movement for the subjects with MCI of 1.1, and a modest change for the subjects with AD of 4.3. Baseline CSF measures of Abeta-42 separated the 3 groups as expected and successfully predicted the 12-month change in cognitive measures. CONCLUSION: The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative has successfully recruited cohorts of cognitively normal subjects, subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and subjects with Alzheimer disease with anticipated baseline characteristics. The 12-month progression rate of MCI was as predicted, and the CSF measures heralded progression of clinical measures over 12 months.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This ADNI clinical characterization paper reports baseline and 12-month clinical, cognitive, and CSF biomarker data for 819 participants: 229 cognitively normal, 398 with MCI, and 192 with mild AD. It shows expected group differences at baseline, a 16.5% 12-month MCI-to-AD progression rate, and baseline CSF Aβ-42 predicting 12-month cognitive change in normal and MCI groups.
Key findings
- At baseline, ADAS-Cog total scores were 6.2 ± 2.9 in controls, 11.5 ± 4.4 in MCI, and 18.6 ± 6.3 in AD (p < 0.001); MCI subjects were most impaired on memory items and only mildly impaired in nonmemory domains.
- Over 12 months, 64 of 398 MCI subjects progressed to AD, a rate of 16.5% (95% CI 11.9%–20.5%); normal controls progressed to MCI at an estimated 1.4% (95% CI 0%–3.2%).
- ADAS-Cog 12-month change was −0.5 ± 3.0 in controls, 1.1 ± 4.4 in MCI, and 4.3 ± 6.6 in AD (p < 0.001).
- Baseline CSF Aβ-42 decreased across groups (controls 206 ± 5, MCI 164 ± 4, AD 143 ± 4 pg/mL; p < 0.001), and higher baseline Aβ-42 was associated with better ADAS-Cog performance and smaller 12-month change in normal subjects and MCI.
Methods
- Multicenter ADNI cohort of 819 subjects aged 55–90 enrolled at baseline and classified as cognitively normal, MCI, or mild AD using standard clinical, cognitive, and functional criteria; subjects were followed for 12 months with cognitive and functional measures, MRI/PET in subsets, and lumbar puncture in a minimum of 20% per site.
- Baseline group comparisons used nonparametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis) with Hochberg multiple comparisons and exact tests for proportions; 12-month change was summarized as conversion proportion, baseline-to-12-month mean or percent difference, and rate per year from mixed-effects regression models.
- Annual conversion rates were estimated using a hybrid interval-censored method; CSF Aβ-42 was related to diagnosis, ADAS-Cog performance, and 12-month ADAS-Cog change.
Limitations
- The paper states that a 12-month change period is not sufficient to draw conclusions about the likelihood of clinical change, and that the ADNI cohort likely does not represent “typical” community subjects because participants were more highly educated, mostly white, and had a high proportion of APOE4 carriers in the MCI and AD groups.
- The paper also states that the MCI criteria required a stringent degree of memory impairment, so these subjects were likely further along the clinical spectrum and more likely to progress than less-impaired MCI subjects.
- Evident from the text: CSF analyses were limited to subsets (baseline n = 114 controls, 199 MCI, 102 AD), and some subjects lacked 12-month follow-up diagnoses (17 controls and 41 MCI subjects), which limits interpretation of conversion and biomarker results.
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Claims the paper makes
53 Own result · 8 Sources not found · 8 Own interpretation · 5 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 3 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“successfully predicted the 12-month change in cognitive measures.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 819- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but they looked more like the AD group for change in digit span, category fluency, and trail making”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Concomitant medications.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonmemory cognitive measures were only minimally impaired in the subjects with MCI.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS Baseline characteristics. · hedged
“The neuropsychological battery indicated that, in general, subjects with MCI were more impaired than controls on the memory items and were only mildly impaired in nonmemory domains (table 3).”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS Baseline characteristics. · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sub-jects with AD were impaired in virtually all of the cognitive areas tested.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > RESULTS Baseline characteristics.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These scores indicated, however, that the subjects with MCI gained most of their error points on memory items.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > RESULTS Baseline characteristics.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Baseline CSF measures of A-42 separated the 3 groups as expected”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 819- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The next greatest area of impairment for the subjects with MCI resulted from the executive function domain.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > RESULTS Baseline characteristics.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subjects with MCI progressed to dementia in 12 months at a rate of 16.5% per year.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subjects with MCI also remained relatively stable as a group, and the subjects with mild AD showed a decline on most of these measures.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interaction of A-42 and time also had a significant effect on ADAS-Cog scores in subjects with MCI ( p ϭ 0.00), but not in normal subjects.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Concomitant medications.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 20
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The CDR sum of the boxes essentially did not change in the normal control group (0.1) and increased by approximately 0.7 points in the subjects with MCI and 1.5 points in the subjects with AD ( p Ͻ 0.001).”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Concomitant medications.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subjects with MCI were more memory impaired than the cognitively normal subjects but not as impaired as the subjects with AD.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS Baseline characteristics. · hedged
“These scores indicated, however, that the subjects with MCI gained most of their error points on memory items.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Abstract
plainn = 819- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS Baseline characteristics. · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, the normal group stayed nearly the same, and the AD group worsened significantly compared to the normal controls.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Concomitant medications.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and more like the normal controls for the clock test and global CDR.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Concomitant medications.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, subjects with MCI had a mean total Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) score of 11.5, while the normal control subjects had a score of 6.2 and the subjects with mild AD had a score of 18.7 ( p Ͻ 0.001, table 3).”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > RESULTS Baseline characteristics.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“cholinesterase inhibitors-normal controls 0%, subjects with MCI 43.7%, subjects with AD 84.9%”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Concomitant medications.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 819 subjects were recruited and received a baseline evaluation as part of the ADNI study.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS Baseline characteristics. · plain
“There were 229 normal control subjects, 398 subjects with MCI, and 192 subjects with mild AD enrolled.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > RESULTS Baseline characteristics.
plainn = 819- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS Baseline characteristics. · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimated premorbid verbal IQ of these subjects was quite high, at almost 120 for the normal control subjects, 116 for the subjects with MCI, and 114 for the subjects with AD.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > RESULTS Baseline characteristics.
hedgedn = 819- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In all cases except the Hachinski Scale and Geriatric Depression Scale, the mean scores for the 3 groups differed significantly at p Ͻ 0.001, with normal controls performing best, subjects with AD worst, and subjects with MCI in the middle.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > RESULTS Baseline characteristics.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The MCI group was more variable; in most cases they worsened more than the normal group but not as much as the AD group”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Concomitant medications.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately 50% of the subjects with MCI were on antidementia therapies.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the subjects in the study were white, and this was approximately equivalent across the groups.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > RESULTS Baseline characteristics.
plainn = 819- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was minimal movement on the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale for the normal control subjects, slight movement for the subjects with MCI of 1.1, and a modest change for the subjects with AD of 4.3.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Abstract
plainn = 819- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in table 2, the mean age of the 3 groups was equivalent at approximately 75 years.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > RESULTS Baseline characteristics.
plainn = 819- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there were more men than women in the MCI group (64.6% men vs 35.4% women).”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > RESULTS Baseline characteristics.
plainn = 398- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was somewhat less variability on the global measures, while some of the individual neuropsychological tests such as the AVLT showed considerable variability among the subjects despite relatively modest mean group changes.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CSF A-42 levels were assessed at baseline and were correlated with clinical diagnoses, performance on the ADAS-Cog, and changes in performance on the ADAS-Cog over 1 year (table 3).”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Concomitant medications.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Delayed recall improved by 5.3% in the normal control group and declined by 4.8% in the subjects with MCI and 7.2% in the subjects with AD.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Concomitant medications.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As such, the baseline characteristics of the subjects indicated that the 3 groups were generally well educated, intelligent, and mostly white, and perform in a fashion similar to subjects recruited for typical clinical trials.[25][26][27][28]”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The CSF A-42 data correlated with the diagnostic groups in the expected fashion with levels being lower in the subjects with MCI than in the normal subjects.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: CSF Aβ-42 level is a valid biomarker of Alzheimer's disease pathology and progression.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They tend to be more highly educated and the proportion of APOE4 carriers was quite high in the MCI and AD groups but is consistent with subjects recruited for clinical trials.25”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the memory measures such as the AVLT, there was virtually no change across 12 months in learning in the normal control group with a decreased learning of 1.3 items in the subjects with MCI and 3.7 fewer items learned in the AD group.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Concomitant medications.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An additional 8 subjects with MCI reverted to a normal classification over that interval, and 41 did not have a follow-up diagnosis.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Concomitant medications.
plainn = 398- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“may allow detection of the neurodegenerative process at an earlier point in the spectrum”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [8]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All hypothesis tests were 2-sided at level 0.05, and models were validated both graphically and analytically.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Data analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Most investigators believe that Alzheimer disease (AD) is a slowly evolving process that likely begins years to decades before the clinical symptoms are manifest.1”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A 12month change period is not a sufficient amount of time to draw conclusions regarding the likelihood of clinical change.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“has been a target for clinical trials.[2][3][4][5]”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The diagnostic conversions over the 12-month period must be viewed with some caution.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This might be a useful technique to reduce the numbers of subjects used in clinical trials to detect a clinical effect of therapeutic interventions.”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: CSF Aβ-42 level is a valid biomarker of Alzheimer's disease pathology and progression.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) represents an attempt to characterize subjects at an early clinical phase”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The expected 12-month progression rate for MCI was approximately 16.5% per year.
“The 12-month progression rate of MCI was as predicted”
“The subjects with MCI progressed to dementia in 12 months at a rate of 16.5% per year.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The baseline characteristics observed in the recruited cohorts matched the characteristics anticipated for normal, MCI, and AD cohorts.
“The Alzheimer's DiseaseNeuroimaging Initiative has successfully recruited cohorts of cognitively normal subjects, subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and subjects with Alzheimer disease with anticipated baseline characteristics.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The MCI subjects have an underlying Alzheimer's disease process that drives clinical progression.
“As such, these subjects were likely further down the clinical spectrum with respect to the underlying AD process such that they would be more likely to progress than subjects with less impairment in the MCI spectrum.”
The paper relies on this without support.
CSF Aβ-42 level is a valid biomarker of Alzheimer's disease pathology and progression.
“The CSF A-42 data correlated with the diagnostic groups in the expected fashion with levels being lower in the subjects with MCI than in the normal subjects.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Another issue is that the vast majority of data from PET and CSF are from selected participants recruited through tertiary care dementia centers [176].”
From NIA‐AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer's disease (2018) · cites this paper as [176]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Concomitant medications.
“Among the 398 subjects with MCI at baseline, 64 progressed to AD at 12 months”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Concomitant medications.
“Table 5 Baseline measures on subjects according to progression status at 1 year Assortment variable Nonprogressors, mean ؎ SD (n ؍ 329) Progressors, mean ؎ SD (n ؍ 69)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > RESULTS Baseline characteristics.
“the subjects with mild AD had a score of 18.7”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > RESULTS Baseline characteristics.
“ADAS-Cog total 6.2 Ϯ 2.9 11.5 Ϯ 4.4 18.1 18.6 Ϯ 6.3 14.0 Ͻ0.001 a, b, c”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Concomitant medications.
“subjects with MCI (r ϭ Ϫ0.22; 95% CI Ϫ0.035 to Ϫ0.08)”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > Concomitant medications.
“95% CI Ϫ0.035 to Ϫ0.08”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > RESULTS Baseline characteristics.
“In all cases except the Hachinski Scale and Geriatric Depression Scale, the mean scores for the 3 groups differed significantly at p Ͻ 0.001”
§ Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Clinical characterization > RESULTS Baseline characteristics.
“GDS Score 0.8 Ϯ 1.1 1.6 Ϯ 1.4 7.3 1.7 Ϯ 1.4 0.6 Ͻ0.001 a, b”
Citations
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Mild Cognitive Impairment: Clinical Characterization and Outcome
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VALIDITY OF THE TRAIL MAKING TEST AS AN INDICATOR OF ORGANIC BRAIN DAMAGE
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Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity
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Self-citationThe Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia
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A new rating scale for Alzheimer's disease
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,501–1,600 of 2,570
Cognitive deficits in non-demented diabetic elderly appear independent of brain amyloidosis
Chiang, G. C.-Y., Chang, E., Pandya, S., Kuceyeski, A. F., Hu, J., Isaacson, R., Ganzer, C. A., Schulman, A., Sobel, V. R., Vallabhajosula, S., et al. (2016) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2016.11.040 · Cited by 6
Ross, D. E., Seabaugh, J. D., Seabaugh, J. M., Plumley, J., Ha, J., Burton, J. A., Vandervaart, A., Mischel, R., Blount, A. P., Seabaugh, D., et al. (2021) · Journal of Concussion · doi:10.1177/20597002211018049 · Cited by 6
Mandal, P. K., & Perry, G. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-215354 · Cited by 5
“Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) [5] and Human Connectome [6] are also linked with IDA–LONI.”
BackgroundWang, M., Smith, E. E., Forkert, N. D., Chekouo, T., Ismail, Z., Ganesh, A., & Sajobi, T. T. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051185 · Cited by 5
Zhang, B., Lin, L., Liu, L., Shen, X., & Wu, S. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12020187 · Cited by 5
Rajendiran, M., Kumar, K. P. S., & Nair, S. (2022) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6ns3.8944 · Cited by 5
Gao, F., Initiative, A. D. N., Zhang, P., Gao, J., Song, J., & Chi, S. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-220716 · Cited by 7
“Detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria of ADNI have been reported previously [29].”
Shankar, V. G., Sisodia, D. S., & Chandrakar, P. (2022) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-13150-9_9 · Cited by 5
Mohamed, A. Z., Lagopoulos, J., Nasrallah, F. A., & Shan, Z. (2023) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.03.029 · Cited by 5
“In addition, we defined MCI based on global Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score of 0.5, with a Memory Box score of at least 0.5 (Petersen et al., 2010), with Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score between 24 and 30.”
InfluentialA Comprehensive Study of Alzheimer's Disease Detection and Its Classification By Deep Learning
Datta, P., Chaturvedi, I., Kumar, K., Bhadula, G., & Singh, S. (2023) · International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Sustainable Engineering Solutions (CISES) · doi:10.1109/cises58720.2023.10183394 · Cited by 5
Ali, D. G., Bahrani, A. A., Khouli, R. H. E., Gold, B. T., Jiang, Y., Zachariou, V., Wilcock, D. M., & Jicha, G. A. (2023) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3209 · Cited by 5
Koychev, I. G., Marinov, E. I., Young, S., Lazarova, S., Григорова, Д., & Palejev, D. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288039 · Cited by 6
Cho, S. H., Kim, S., Choi, S., Kim, B. C., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2024) · Chonnam Medical Journal · doi:10.4068/cmj.2024.60.1.51 · Cited by 5
Arvidsson, I., Strandberg, O. T., Palmqvist, S., Stomrud, E., Cullen, N. C., Janelidze, S., Tideman, P., Heyden, A., Åström, K., Hansson, O., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-024-01428-5 · Cited by 7
Zhang, L., Xia, R., Yang, B., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology · doi:10.1002/ima.23112 · Cited by 5
Han, S., Lee, S., Kim, J. H., Lee, J., Park, Y. H., Kim, S., Nho, K. T., & Sohn, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1411466 · Cited by 5
Assessment of Structural Variations in Fornix of MCI and AD Using MR Images and Geometrical Features
Ali, A., Ronickom, J. F. A., & Swaminathan, R. (2024) · Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering · doi:10.1007/s40846-024-00883-7 · Cited by 5
Wang, L., Sheng, J., Zhang, Q., Yang, Z. X., Xin, Y., Song, Y., Zhang, Q., & Wang, B. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae329 · Cited by 5
Measuring the Functioning Human Brain
Lindquist, M. A., Smith, B. B., Kannan, A., Zhao, A., & Caffo, B. S. (2024) · Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application · doi:10.1146/annurev-statistics-040522-100329 · Cited by 6
Thomas, K. R., Bangen, K. J., Rotblatt, L. J., Weigand, A. J., Edwards, L., Tosun, D., Galasko, D. R., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.14239 · Cited by 5
Dobreva, J., Simjanoska, M., Mishev, K., Trajanov, D., & Mishkovski, I. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15050523 · Cited by 7
“For data selection and quality control, the integration of specialized AD-centric resources, such as ADERC [6], ADNI [9], OASIS [10], and AlzKB [25], along with general biomedical databases, ensures optimal coverage and domain relevance.”
InfluentialThe Use of Biomarkers for Prediction and Prevention of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases
Mandel, S. A., & Korczyn, A. D. (2012) · Advances in predictive, preventive and personalised medicine · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5866-7_6 · Cited by 6
“The ADNI cross-sectional and longitudinal study has successfully recruited more than 800 individuals, normal controls, subjects with MCI, and subjects with mild AD, followed for 12 months, that were very similar to those seen in MCI and mild AD clinical trials [88].”
ResultIdentification of Mild Cognitive Impairment Using Extreme Learning Machines Model
Zhang, W., Shen, H., Ji, Z., Meng, G., & Wang, B. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22186-1_59 · Cited by 5
Cognitive dedifferentiation as a function of cognitive impairment in the ADNI and MemClin cohorts
Wallert, J., Rennie, A., Ferreira, D., et al. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.203108 · Cited by 5
Yao, W., Initiative, A. D. N., Chen, H., Sheng, X., Zhao, H., Xu, Y., & Bai, F. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-210481 · Cited by 5
Associations between Brain Reserve Proxies and Clinical Progression in Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia
Yoon, H., Kim, S.-G., Kim, S. H., Woo, J. I., Seo, E. H., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182212159 · Cited by 5
Hazan, J., Alston, D., Fox, N. C., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5670 · Cited by 5
Ng, K., Qian, X., Ng, K. K., Ji, F., Rosa-Neto, P., Gauthier, S., Kandiah, N., & Zhou, J. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.7554/elife.77745 · Cited by 6
Wang, S., Ke, S., Liu, S., Wang, E., & Pan, T. (2023) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137052 · Cited by 4
“For more details regarding the ADNI diagnostic criteria, refer to www.adni-info.org [18].”
InfluentialA novel method for PET connectomics guided by fibre‐tracking MRI: Application to Alzheimer's disease
Sun, Z., Naismith, S. L., Meikle, S. R., Calamante, F., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2024) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26659 · Cited by 4
Signatures and Discriminative Abilities of Multi-Omics between States of Cognitive Decline
Anagnostakis, F., Kokkorakis, M., Walker, K. A., & Davatzikos, C. A. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12050941 · Cited by 5
“Detailed descriptions of the diagnostic criteria for ADNI have been reported in previous publications [10].”
Sun, H., Hu, B., Yao, Z., & Jackson, M. (2013) · International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI) · doi:10.1109/bmei.2013.6746897 · Cited by 5
Liechti, C., Caviezel, M. P., Müller, S., Reichert, C., Calabrese, P., Linnemann, C., Melcher, T., & Leyhe, T. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190047 · Cited by 5
“The diagnosis of aMCI was defined by Mayo criteria [25, 26], which include the presence of a memory complaint (corroborated by an informant), objectively impaired memory function, intact activities of daily living, and the absence of dementia.”
Ponto, L. L. B., Magnotta, V. A., Menda, Y., Moser, D. J., Oleson, J., Harlynn, E. L., DeVries, S. D., Wemmie, J. A., & Schultz, S. K. (2020) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.19100221 · Cited by 5
Thermal Characterisation of Unweighted and Weighted Networks
Wang, J., Wu, H., & Hancock, E. R. (2021) · Proceedings - International Conference on Pattern Recognition/Proceedings/International Conference on Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412920 · Cited by 5
A Computational Geometry Approach for Modeling Neuronal Fiber Pathways
Shailja, S., Zhang, A., & Manjunath, B. S. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87237-3_17 · Cited by 6
“To design a case study demonstrating the utility of R, we randomly select 22 subjects (11 Normal and 11 Alzheimer’s patient) from the publicly available Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) [15] dataset (http://adni.loni.usc.edu/).”
MethodNagai, M., Kato, M., & Dote, K. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.14388 · Cited by 5
Yang, H. D., Yang, Y., Legesse, B., Kim, S., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2012) · Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders · doi:10.12779/dnd.2012.11.2.59 · Cited by 5
A Probabilistic Disease Progression Model for Predicting Future Clinical OutcomePreprint
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ASAC: Active Sensing using Actor-Critic modelsPreprint
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Future of Healthcare: Biomedical Big Data Analysis and IoMT
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Whitman, E. T., Ryan, C. P., Abraham, W. C., Addae, A., Corcoran, D. L., Elliott, M. L., Hogan, S., Ireland, D. R., Keenan, R. J., Knodt, A. R., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.09.06.23295140 · Cited by 5
A limbic-predominant amnestic neurodegenerative syndrome associated with TDP-43 pathologyPreprint
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Fjell, A. M., Røgeberg, O. J., Sørensen, Ø., Amlien, I. K., David Bartrés-faz, A., Brandmaier, A. M., Cattaneo, G., Düzel, S., Grydeland, H., Henson, R. N., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.01.29.25321305 · Cited by 5
Li, X.-L., Wang, R.-T., Tan, C., Tan, L., & Xu, W. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1448034 · Cited by 4
Ferraro, P. M., Filippi, L., Ponzano, M., Signori, A., Orso, B., Massa, F., Arnaldi, D., Caneva, S., Argenti, L., Losa, M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877241299843 · Cited by 4
Li, X., Liang, J., & Zheng, F. (2024) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-024-03556-y · Cited by 4
SynthBA: Reliable Brain Age Estimation Across Multiple MRI Sequences and Resolutions
Puglisi, L., Rondinella, A., Meo, L. D., Guarnera, F., Battiato, S., & Ravì, D. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Metrology for eXtended Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Engineering (MetroXRAINE) · doi:10.1109/metroxraine62247.2024.10796114 · Cited by 4
Rajendrakumar, A. L., Arbeev, K. G., Bagley, O., Duan, M., Yashin, A. I., Ukraintseva, S. V., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0316808 · Cited by 4
Zhang, C., Li, B., Ng, K. P., Tai, Y., Tai, Y., Song, X., Kong, M., & Ba, M. (2025) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1016/j.tjpad.2024.100054 · Cited by 4
“As previously described [ 32 ], ADNI enrolls participants aged 55–90 who are fluent in English or Spanish, have at least 6 years of education, a Geriatric Depression Scale score of less than 6, and a modified Hachin-ski Ischemic Scale score of less than 5 at enrollment.”
Genius, P., Calle, M. L., Rodríguez‐Fernández, B., Minguillón, C., Cacciaglia, R., Garrido-Martín, D., Esteller, M., Navarro, A., Gispert, J. D., Vilor‐Tejedor, N., et al. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.14490 · Cited by 5
Sheng, Z.-H., Liu, J.-Y., Ma, J., Mi, Y., Wang, H., Guo, F., Ma, L., Tan, L., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877241309081 · Cited by 5
Thabtah, F., & Peebles, D. (2025) · Health and Technology · doi:10.1007/s12553-025-01006-1 · Cited by 4
“This study used data from the ADNI data repository [38], specifically the ADNI-Merge and ADAS-Cog-13 datas - ets.”
Short-term practice effects on measures of cognition and daily functioning in older adults
Duff, K. M., Reeves, E., Veres, M., Gobeo, A., Yamaguchi, T., Giovannetti, T., & Schmitter‐Edgecombe, M. (2025) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2025.2550356 · Cited by 4
Fan, L., Zhao, S., Bai, S., et al. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05182-0_5 · Cited by 4
Bergamino, M., Nelson, M. R., Keeling, E. G., Stokes, A. M., & Initiative, A. D. N. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease Reports · doi:10.1177/25424823251395938 · Cited by 4
Wilson, D. H., Copeland, K. A. F., Miller, M., Vasko, A., Hesterberg, L. K., Khare, M., Wolfe, M., Sheehy, P., Verberk, I. M. W., & Teunissen, C. E. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1002/dad2.70215 · Cited by 4
Myoraku, A., Hausle, I., Milà‐Alomà, M., Thropp, P., Wang, L. A., Doraiswamy, P. M., & Tosun, D. (2025) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1016/j.tjpad.2025.100445 · Cited by 4
“ADNI-4 classifies normal cognition, MCI, and dementia according to guidelines previously detailed in Petersen et al [39].”
Rahim, N., El–Sappagh, S., Khan, M., Bashir, M., Jung, Y., & Abuhmed, T. (2025) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2025.115104 · Cited by 6
Plasma growth-associated protein 43 correlates with synaptic loss in Alzheimer’s disease
Lan, G., Li, B., Wang, M., Barve, A., Colin, M., Buée, L., Zhang, L., Jiang, M., Yang, J., Li, A., et al. (2025) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102508 · Cited by 4
Li, J., Li, A., Ye, C., Zhang, L., Jiang, M., Lan, G., González‐Ortiz, F., Yang, J., Zhu, Y., Cai, Y., et al. (2026) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-026-00926-4 · Cited by 4
Fang, Y., Luo, W., Huang, H. T., Ran, L., He, Y., Cheng, C., Yao, Y., Hou, Y., Zheng, H., Pan, D., et al. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2516601123 · Cited by 5
Somatic mutations reveal the ontogeny of microglia in human ageing
Belk, J. A., Zhang, Y., Reilly, E., Shi, Q., Liu, D. D., Womack-Gambrel, N., van der Linde, M., Ma, L., Paul, D., Enciso, A. M., et al. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10939-0 · Cited by 13
Association Between Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Alzheimer Disease Neuropathology
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Plasma Insulin Predicts Early Amyloid-β Pathology Changes in Alzheimer’s Disease
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“25 For up-to-date information, see adni.loni.usc.edu.”
Magnetic resonance radiomics-based deep learning model for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
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“The National Institute on Aging (NIA)-sponsored Alzheimer’s Disease Research Centers, which collect a uniform set of phenotypic data archived by the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC), 34,35 and the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) 36,37 are clinic-based cohorts.”
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“In particular, the ADNI project has strict diagnostic criteria for MCI (Petersen et al., 2010), and one of the conditions is “ memory complaints with objective memory loss, as measured by educationally adjusted scores on the Wechsler Memory Scale Logical Memory II ” .”
Visual Functions Are Associated with Biomarker Changes in Alzheimer’s Disease
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Omics‐derived biological modules reflect metabolic brain changes in Alzheimer's disease
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“Similarly, the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study has stratified the MCI group into “early” and “late” based on education-adjusted performance on delayed free recall of the paragraph material of Logical Memory, with late MCI being more impaired than early MCI (Petersen et al., 2010).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Petersen, R. C., Aisen, P. S., Beckett, L. A., Donohue, M. C., Gamst, A. C., Harvey, D. J., Jack, C. R., Jagust, W. J., Shaw, L. M., Toga, A. W., Trojanowski, J. Q., & Weiner, M. W.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 2010-01-19
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 201-209
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- PMC
- PMC2809036
- OpenAlex
- W2122328291
- Cited by
- 2,572
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 312 · 2025: 391 · 2024: 327 · 2023: 254 · 2022: 233 · 2021: 209 · 2020: 182 · 2019: 121 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 59
- FWCI
- 26.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (AG024904)
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ag027984-03, 5r01ag030048-05, n01mh22005-16-0-1, 5r01dk075128-05, 5u01ag006786-38, 5r01mh083552-05, 5r01ca104573-05, 5p30ag010124-30, 5p01ag009215-20, 5r01ag011378-25, 5p41rr023953-04, 5u01ag024904-10, 5u01ag029213-05, 5r01ag016381-08, 5r01eb006266-04, 5r01ag010897-27, AG024904, 5p01ag019724-23, 5p30ca093373-23, 5p50ag016574-20)
- National Institute on Aging (AG027984, U01-AG-024904, R01AG11378, P30AG010129, U19 AG010483, U01‐AG10483, R01-AG030048, P50‐AG16574, P01 & AG019724, U01AG06786, P50-AG23501, RC1AG035427, AG 010483, R01AG031224, AG031224, P01 AG 17586-10, 1 U01 AG024904, AG 024904, UO1AG029213-01, P30AG036468, 2 P50 AG016570, 1 U01 AG 024904-05, P30 AG 10124-18, R01 AG031252, P01AG017586, U01AG010483, 1 U01 AG24904, 1P01 AG-19724-07, R01AG027859, P50AG023501, AG027859, P01 AG012435, AG-11378, 2P50AG005133, RC2AG036535, P01-AG19724, P01 AG 09215-20, R01-AG 10897, 2P30AG10129, R01 AG029672, R01 AG16381)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-095089, R01HL095089)
- National Institute of Mental Health (U01MH083506, MH 22005, MH062512, MH083506, R01MH079752, R01MH069433, MH083552, MH079752, R01 MH069259, 5 R01 MH071940, MH069433, R01MH072641, P30MH062512)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (1 R01 DA017830)
- National Cancer Institute (2 P30 CA93373, CA104573)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK075128)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (1 R01 NS050792, RL1NS062412, P50NS053488, 1 R01 NS049194, RC2NS069368, R01NS031966)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (1 U54 EB05149, 1 R01 EB 006266-01, U54EB005149, P01EB001955, 5R01EB002138-07)
- U.S. National Library of Medicine (2 R01LM005639)
- National Center for Research Resources (5 P41 RR013642, P41 RR-023953, U24RR021760, U54RR021813, R24 RR021382, R24 RR021992, KL2RR024144)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD050735, 1R01 HD053893-01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related cognitive impairment studies
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, neuroimaging biomarkers, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, amyloid-beta 42, longitudinal cognitive change, normal aging, memory impairment, ADAS-Cog
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diagnostic Imaging, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Biomarkers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-18, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-18 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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