The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Differentiating primary progressive aphasias in a brief sample of connected speech
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: A brief speech expression protocol that can be administered and scored without special training would aid in the differential diagnosis of the 3 principal forms of primary progressive aphasia (PPA): nonfluent/agrammatic PPA, logopenic variant PPA, and semantic variant PPA. METHODS: We used a picture-description task to elicit a short speech sample, and we evaluated impairments in speech-sound production, speech rate, lexical retrieval, and grammaticality. We compared the results with those obtained by a longer, previously validated protocol and further validated performance with multimodal imaging to assess the neuroanatomical basis of the deficits. RESULTS: We found different patterns of impaired grammar in each PPA variant, and additional language production features were impaired in each: nonfluent/agrammatic PPA was characterized by speech-sound errors; logopenic variant PPA by dysfluencies (false starts and hesitations); and semantic variant PPA by poor retrieval of nouns. Strong correlations were found between this brief speech sample and a lengthier narrative speech sample. A composite measure of grammaticality and other measures of speech production were correlated with distinct regions of gray matter atrophy and reduced white matter fractional anisotropy in each PPA variant. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide evidence that large-scale networks are required for fluent, grammatical expression; that these networks can be selectively disrupted in PPA syndromes; and that quantitative analysis of a brief speech sample can reveal the corresponding distinct speech characteristics.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Across primary progressive aphasia variants, ASLA markers capture syndromespecific patterns 49-53 that predict underlying neuropathology years before death 7 and correlate with variant-specific atrophy, 53-56 even longitudinally. 57”
From Speech and language markers of neurodegeneration: a call for global equity (2023) · cites this paper as [56]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Avants, B., Epstein, C. L., Grossman, M., & Gee, J. C. (2007) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2007.06.004 · Cited by 5,924
Self-citationThe cortical organization of speech processing
Hickok, G., & Poeppel, D. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2113 · Cited by 5,495
Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia
Rascovsky, K., Hodges, J. R., Knopman, D., Mendez, M. F., Kramer, J. H., Neuhaus, J., van Swieten, J. C., Seelaar, H., Dopper, E. G. P., Onyike, C. U., et al. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr179 · Cited by 5,221
Self-citationClassification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants
Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Hillis, A. E., Weintraub, S., Kertesz, A., Mendez, M., Cappa, S. F., Ogar, J. M., Rohrer, J. D., Black, S., Boeve, B. F., et al. (2011) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31821103e6 · Cited by 5,141
Self-citationThe assessment of aphasia and related disorders
Goodglass, H., & Kaplan, E. (1972) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,258
Assessment of Aphasia and Related Disorders
Sarno, M. T. (1973) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/53.2.225b · Cited by 2,256
The brain basis of language processing: from structure to function.
Friederici, A. D. (2011) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00006.2011 · Cited by 2,140
Cognition and anatomy in three variants of primary progressive aphasia
Gorno‐Tempini, M. L., Dronkers, N. F., Rankin, K. P., Ogar, J. M., Phengrasamy, L., Rosen, H. J., Johnson, J. K., Weiner, M. W., & Miller, B. L. (2004) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10825 · Cited by 1,657
Clinical and Pathological Diagnosis of Frontotemporal Dementia
McKhann, G. M. (2001) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.58.11.1803 · Cited by 1,478
A new brain region for coordinating speech articulation
Dronkers, N. F. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/384159a0 · Cited by 1,192
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–171 of 171
Quaranta, D., Tella, S. D., Marra, C., Gaudino, S., L’Abbate, F., & Silveri, M. C. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12070910 · Cited by 5
Mantie-Kozlowski, A., Mantie, R. A., & Keller, C. H. (2020) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2020.1812248 · Cited by 6
Hemispheric asymmetry in neurodegenerative diseases
Cappa, S. F. (2025) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15646-5.00009-9 · Cited by 4
Cerami, C., & Cappa, S. F. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316091586.008 · Cited by 4
Papadopoulos, G., Parissis, D., Konstantinopoulou, E., Natsis, K. S., Gotzamani‐Psarrakou, A., & Ioannidis, P. (2021) · Acta Neurologica Belgica · doi:10.1007/s13760-021-01783-2 · Cited by 4
Hesitations in Primary Progressive Aphasia
Baqué, L., & Ayuso, M. J. M. (2023) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages8010045 · Cited by 5
Kim, H. H., Obermeyer, J., & Wiley, R. W. (2024) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1264582 · Cited by 4
Verb production and comprehension in primary progressive aphasia
Wang, H., Walenski, M., Litcofsky, K. A., Mack, J. E., Mesulam, M. M., & Thompson, C. K. (2022) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2022.101099 · Cited by 4
An automated speech analysis system for the detection of cognitive decline in elderly
Loizou, C. P., & Pantzaris, M. (2023) · International Journal of Speech Technology · doi:10.1007/s10772-023-10016-1 · Cited by 4
Asymmetry of radiomics features in the white matter of patients with primary progressive aphasia
Tafuri, B., Filardi, M., Urso, D., Gnoni, V., Blasi, R. D., Nigro, S. L., Logroscino, G., & Initiative, O. B. O. T. F. L. D. N. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1120935 · Cited by 4
Sitek, E. J., Kluj-Kozłowska, K., Barczak, A. K., Kozłowski, M., Wieczorek, D., Przewłócka, A., Narożańska, E., Dąbrowska, M., Barcikowska, M., & Sławek, J. W. (2015) · Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii · doi:10.1016/j.pin.2015.06.003 · Cited by 4
What Language Disorders Reveal About the Mechanisms of Morphological Processing
Manouilidou, C., Nerantzini, M., Chiappetta, B., Mesulam, M. M., & Thompson, C. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.701802 · Cited by 4
Neurodegenerative Disorders of Speech and Language: Language-Dominant Diseases
Deleon, J., Tee, B. L., & García, A. M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819641-0.00030-x · Cited by 5
Written picture descriptions distinguish variants of primary progressive aphasia
Tippett, D. C., Surrao, K., Neophytou, K., Kim, H. H., Gallegos, J., Themistocleous, C. K., Rapp, B. C., Hillis, A. E., & Tsapkini, K. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251376381 · Cited by 3
Pauses as a Quantitative Measure of Linguistic Planning Challenges in Parkinson’s Disease
D’Ascanio, S., Piras, F., Spada, C., Pellicano, C., & Piras, F. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15111131 · Cited by 3
Identifying neuropathologic disease in primary progressive aphasia using narrative speech
Gutstein, D., Iorga, M., Stocks, J. K., Gill, N., Sleeman, J., Gefen, T., Los, M. A., Nelson, C. M., Geula, C., Weintraub, S., et al. (2026) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.71294 · Cited by 3
Kang, S. W., Jeon, S., Lee, Y., Yun, M., Kim, H., & Ye, B. S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-90116-x · Cited by 3
Kokkinakis, D., Fors, K. L., Fraser, K., & Nordlund, A. (2018) · Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC) · doi:10.63317/2e42uqpk9g23 · Cited by 3
Linking motor speech function and dementia
Poole, M. L., & Vogel, A. P. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815868-5.00042-6 · Cited by 5
Prosodic characteristics of prepausal words produced by patients with neurodegenerative disease
Cho, S., Agmon, G., Shellikeri, S., Cousins, K. A. Q., Ash, S., Irwin, D. J., Spindler, M., Madiedo, A. D. A., Elman, L. B., Quinn, C. C., et al. (2022) · Speech prosody · doi:10.21437/speechprosody.2022-25 · Cited by 3
Self-citationPremi, E., Cotelli, M., Gobbi, E., Pagnoni, I., Binetti, G. G., Gadola, Y., Libri, I., Mattioli, I., Pengo, M., Iraji, A., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.942095 · Cited by 3
Logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia
Pressman, P., & Gorno‐Tempini, M. L. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139924771.014 · Cited by 2
The non-fluent/agrammatic variant of primary progressive aphasia
Grossman, M. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139924771.012 · Cited by 3
Self-citationMaltman, N., Hilvert, E., Friedman, L., & Sterling, A. M. (2023) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2022_jslhr-22-00078 · Cited by 3
Grasso, S. M., Berstis, K., Schaffer, K. M., Keegan-Rodewald, W. R., Wauters, L., Europa, E., Hubbard, H. I., Dial, H. R., Hixon, J. G., Gorno‐Tempini, M. L., et al. (2024) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2024.09.019 · Cited by 3
Agmon, G., Cho, S., Ash, S., Cousins, K. A. Q., Blennow, K., Zetterberg, H., Shaw, L. M. J., Pradhan, S., Kim, Y. D., Liberman, M., et al. (2025) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2025.2462282 · Cited by 2
Self-citationWhite matter tract correlations with spoken language in cerebrovascular disease
Broberg, D. N., Haddad, S. M., Aveni, K., Havens, A., McLaughlin, P. M., Binns, M. A., Orange, J. B., Arnott, S. R., Berezuk, C., Casaubon, L. K., et al. (2025) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaf145 · Cited by 2
Disentangling phonology from phonological short-term memory in Alzheimer’s disease phenotypes
Henderson, S. K., Halai, A. D., Tsvetanov, K. A., Cope, T., Patterson, K. E., Rowe, J. B., & Ralph, M. A. L. (2025) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-025-01856-x · Cited by 3
The contribution of positron emission tomography to the study of aphasia
Perani, D., & Cappa, S. F. (2022) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823384-9.00008-6 · Cited by 2
Suh, S., DeLuque, E., Kelly, C. R., Lee, X., Mace, R., Ruch, K., Sharif, M. S., Stockbridge, M. D., Vitti, E., & Tippett, D. C. (2022) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2022.101116 · Cited by 2
Spinelli, E. G., Tempini, M. L. G., & Shapiro, K. A. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800105-9.00032-9 · Cited by 2
Auditory verb generation performance patterns dissociate variants of primary progressive aphasia.Preprint
Lukic, S., Licata, A. E., Weis, E., Bogley, R., Ratnasiri, B. M., Welch, A. E., Hinkley, L. B. N., Miller, Z., García, A. M., Houde, J. F., et al. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ajy7m · Cited by 2
Robertson, C., Rezaii, N., Hochberg, D., Quimby, M., Wolff, P., & Dickerson, B. C. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.05.02.24306657 · Cited by 2
Elvira‐García, W., & Aguiar, V. M. (2020) · Loquens · doi:10.3989/loquens.2020.068 · Cited by 2
Assessing informativeness in Spanish-speaking individuals with primary progressive aphasia
Baqué, L., & Ayuso, M. J. M. (2024) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2024.2343457 · Cited by 2
Winsnes, I. E., Volkmer, A., & Norvik, M. I. (2025) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2025.2555862 · Cited by 1
Anwia, M. A., Lowe, M. S., Matis, S., Carrick, J., Piguet, O., Landín-Romero, R., & Ballard, K. J. (2025) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2025.11.011 · Cited by 2
Wang, H., Walenski, M., Litcofsky, K. A., Mack, J. E., Mesulam, M. M., & Thompson, C. K. (2026) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2026.101318 · Cited by 1
Vonk, J. M. J., Antonicelli, G., Ramkrishnan, S., Spina, S., Rosen, H. J., Seeley, W. W., Miller, B. L., Henry, M. L., Millanski, C., Mandelli, M. L., et al. (2026) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2026.2520 · Cited by 1
Taalstoornissen bij dementie deel 1: primair progressieve afasie
van Domburg, P., Deguelle, F., Raaijmakers, Y., Slot, S., & Jentjens, S. (2018) · Neuropraxis · doi:10.1007/s12474-017-0174-3 · Cited by 1
(2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316091586.006 · Cited by 1
Teil V: Forschungseinblicke in studentische Arbeiten
Karl, K. B. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-33868-8_6 · Cited by 1
Disentangling phonology from phonological short-term memory in Alzheimer’s disease phenotypesPreprint
Henderson, S. K., Halai, A. D., Tsvetanov, K. A., Cope, T., Patterson, K. E., Rowe, J. B., & Ralph, M. A. L. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.01.07.25320125 · Cited by 1
AI-based Speech Error Detection to Differentiate Primary Progressive Aphasia VariantsPreprint
Vonk, J. M. J., Lian, J., Cho, C. J., Antonicelli, G., Ezzes, Z., Wauters, L., Keegan-Rodewald, W. R., Kurteff, G., Rodriguez, D. A., Dronkers, N., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.02.23.26346899 · Cited by 1
Language, Aphasias, and Related Disorders
Hoffmann, M. W. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33181-2_10
Tippett, D. C. (2020) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.733957136.793569912
Advances in Primary Progressive Aphasia
Matías‐Guiu, J. A., Laforce, R. J., & Utianski, R. L. (2022) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-0365-4407-6
Speech disorders in primary progressive aphasia (PPA)
Mielniczek, K., Lipiec, M., Dołomisiewicz, D., Jóźwik, K., & Kowalska, A. (2022) · Journal of Education Health and Sport · doi:10.12775/jehs.2022.12.07.098
Park, J., Sung, J. E., & Kim, Y. T. (2023) · Eon'eo cheong'gag jang'ae yeon'gu/Communication sciences & disorders · doi:10.12963/csd.22919
Apraxia of Speech in the Spontaneous Speech of Nonfluent/Agrammatic Primary Progressive Aphasia
Ash, S., Nevler, N., Irwin, D. J., Shellikeri, S., Rascovsky, K., Shaw, L. M. J., Lee, E. B., Trojanowski, J. Q., & Grossman, M. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease Reports · doi:10.3233/adr220089
Self-citationAfasia progressiva non fluente/agrammatica e aprassia della parola primaria progressiva
Teichmann, M. (2024) · EMC - Neurologia · doi:10.1016/s1634-7072(24)49340-9
Dysfluency in primary progressive aphasia: Temporal speech parameters
Baqué, L., & Ayuso, M. J. M. (2024) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.1080/02699206.2024.2378345 · Cited by 1
Pause Characteristics by Utterance Position in Patients with Primary Progressive Aphasia Subtypes
Kim, H. S., Kim, D. Y., Ye, B. S., & Kim, H. (2024) · Eon'eo cheong'gag jang'ae yeon'gu/Communication sciences & disorders · doi:10.12963/csd.240077
Lee, E. O., Jang, H., & Yoon, J. H. (2025) · Audiology and Speech Research · doi:10.21848/asr.240175
Discourse in primary progressive aphasia: Longitudinal changes and neural correlatesPreprint
Anwia, M. A., Lowe, M., Matis, S., Carrick, J., Piguet, O., Landin-Romero, R., & Ballard, K. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.05.26.25328350
Suh, S., Friedman, R. B., Meyer, A. M., Snider, S., Sebastian, R., & Tippett, D. C. (2025) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2025.2510327 · Cited by 1
Karpathiou, N., & Kambanaros, M. (2025) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2025_ajslp-23-00474
Semi-spontaneous language production in Dutch-speaking individuals with primary progressive aphasia
Wets, I., Jiskoot, L. C., van den Berg, E., Janssen, N., & Piai, V. (2025) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643294.2025.2556493
Language in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia
Géraudie, A., & Montembeault, M. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198888482.013.0017
Santi, G. C., Conca, F., Esposito, V., Polito, C., Caminiti, S. P., Boccalini, C., Morinelli, C., Berti, V., Mazzeo, S., Bessi, V., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26690054
Yeung, A., Iaboni, A., Rochon, E. A., Lavoie, M., Santiago, C., Yancheva, M., Novikova, J., Xu, M., Robin, J., Kaufman, L. D., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14737112
Causal evidence for a shared mechanism linking language and tool use via the putamenPreprint
Fan, Z., Wen, H., Han, Z., Wang, X., & Bi, Y. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.06.704290
How robust are linguistic markers of aging? The case of aging-related social media text
Cong, Y., Hu, J., Reese, T., & Liu, H. (2026) · Natural Language Processing Journal · doi:10.1016/j.nlp.2026.100203 · Cited by 1
Hammers, D. B., Foster, E., Eloyan, A., Thangarajah, M., Taurone, A., Touroutoglou, A., Joie, R. L., Beckett, L. A., Gao, S., Vemuri, P., et al. (2026) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.71492
Unifying Divergent Conceptions in Nonfluent/Agrammatic and Semantic Primary Progressive Aphasia
Teichmann, M., & Nakamura, K. (2026) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci16050509
Jiskoot, L. C., Aro, O. A., de Boer, L., Poos, J. M., Houwer, J. F. H. D., Swartenbroekx, T., Dopper, E. G. P., van den Berg, E., & Seelaar, H. (2026) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1002/dad2.70346
Predicting amyloid status in Primary Progressive Aphasia using explainable artificial intelligence
Robertson, C., Hochberg, D., Quimby, M., Wolff, P., Dickerson, B. C., & Rezaii, N. (2026) · npj Dementia · doi:10.1038/s44400-026-00092-w · Cited by 2
Advances in diffusion MRI in frontotemporal dementia
Ferraro, P. M., & Spinelli, E. G. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23812-3.00009-6
Normative clinical language data and task specific effects
Stark, B. C., & Themistocleous, C. K. (2026) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2026.105850
Antonicelli, G., Morin, B. T., Bogley, R., Newbury, R., Ezzes, Z., Ramkrishnan, S., Miller, Z., Mandelli, M. L., Tee, B. L., García, A. M., et al. (2026) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2026.10.006
Harnessing cross-linguistic speech analysis for Alzheimer’s disease detection
Hallani, A. E., Chakhtouna, A., & Adib, A. (2026) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-026-21976-2
Metadata
- Authors
- Ash, S., Evans, E., O'Shea, J., Powers, J., Boller, A., Weinberg, D., Haley, J., McMillan, C., Irwin, D. J., Rascovsky, K., & Grossman, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 2013-07-23
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 329-336
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- PMC
- PMC3772830
- OpenAlex
- W2100387103
- Cited by
- 171
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 5.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wyncote Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG038490, R01AG015116, P01AG017586, AG038490, AG032953, AG-017586, AG015116, P01AG032953, T32AG000255)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS053488, P50NS053488, NS044266, R01NS044266)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
- Keywords
- primary progressive aphasia, differential diagnosis, logopenic variant PPA, semantic variant PPA, picture description task, speech production, grammaticality, speech rate, word retrieval, disfluency, false starts, gray matter atrophy, white matter fractional anisotropy
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Atrophy, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Semantics, Speech, Aphasia, Primary Progressive, Frontotemporal Dementia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
