Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 1,115

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The spectrum of behavioral changes in Alzheimer's disease

Mega, Michael S., Cummings, Jeffrey L., Fiorello, Tara, Gornbein, Jeffrey·1996·Neurology

Abstract

We investigated the range of behavioral abnormalities in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared with normal age-matched control subjects. The range of behavioral disturbances manifested and the relationship between specific abnormalities with the level of cognitive impairment have not been established. Fifty consecutive outpatients with mild (n = 17), moderate (n = 20), and severe (n = 13) AD and 40 age-matched normal controls were evaluated for behavioral abnormalities occurring in the month preceding the interview. The caregivers of the patients and the spouses of the control subjects were interviewed with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). The frequency and severity of the following 10 behaviors were assessed: delusions, hallucinations, agitation, dysphoria, anxiety, euphoria, apathy, disinhibition, irritability, and aberrant motor behavior. Correlations among these 10 behaviors and their relationship with cognitive impairment were also investigated. Eighty-eight percent of AD patients had measurable behavioral changes. All 10 behaviors were significantly increased in the AD patients compared with normal subjects. The most common behavior was apathy, which was exhibited by 72% of patients, followed by agitation (60%), anxiety (48%), irritability (42%), dysphoria and aberrant motor behavior (both 38%), disinhibition (36%), delusions (22%), and hallucinations (10%). Agitation, dysphoria, apathy, and aberrant motor behavior were significantly correlated wit cognitive impairment.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1212/wnl.46.1.130

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 3 references

Research works printed but not linked: 46

  1. Petry S, Cummings JL, Hill MA, Shapira J. Personality alterations in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Arch Neurol 1988;45:1187-1190.
  2. Lesser IM, Miller BL, Boone KB, Hill-Gutierrez E, Mena I. Psychosis as the first manifestation of degenerative dementia. Bull Clin Neurosci 1989;54:59-63.
  3. 10.1176/ajp.146.1.1 · DOI
  4. Mayeux R, Stern Y, Spanto S. Heterogeneity in dementia of the Alzheimer type: evidence of subgroups. Neurology 1985;35:453-461.
  5. 10.1212/WNL.37.1.1 · DOI
  6. Rubin EH, Drevets WC, Burke WJ. The nature of psychotic symptoms in senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:16-20.
  7. Drevets WC, Rubin EH. Psychotic symptoms and the longitudinal course of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Biol Psychiatry 1989;25:39-48.
  8. Rabins PV, Mace NL, Lucas MJ. The impact of dementia on the family. JAMA 1982;248:333-335.
  9. Choen-Mansfield J. Agitated behaviors in the elderly. II. Preliminary results in the cognitively deteriorated. Am Geriatr Soc 1986;34:722-727.
  10. Chenowith B, Spencer B. Dementia: the experience of family caregivers. Gerontologist 1986;26:267-272.
  11. 10.1176/ajp.147.1.1 · DOI
  12. 10.1176/ajp.148.1.1 · doi:10.1176/ajp.148.1.1
  13. O'Donnell BF, Drachman DA, Barnes HJ, Peterson KE, Swearer JM, Lew RA. Incontinence and troublesome behaviors predict institutionalization in dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1992;5:45-52.
  14. 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01821.x · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01821.x
  15. 10.1177/089198878900200101 · doi:10.1177/089198878900200101
  16. Rubin EH, Morris JC, Storandt M, Berg L. Behavioral changes in patients with mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Psychiatry Res 1987;21:55-62.
  17. Baumgarten M, Becker R, Gauthier S. Validity and reliability of the dementia behavior disturbance scale. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990;38:221-226.
  18. 10.1192/bjp.120.554.3 · DOI · Paper page
  19. Cummings JL, Miller B, Hill MA, Neshkes R. Neuropsychiatric aspects of multi-infarct dementia and dementia of the Alzheimer type. Arch Neurol 1987;44:389-393.
  20. 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1988.tb03427.x · DOI · Paper page
  21. Kumar A, Koss E, Metzler D, et al. Behavioral symptomatology in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1988;2:363-365.
  22. Wragg RE, Jeste DV. Overview of depression and psychosis in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1989;45:577-587.
  23. Copper JK, Mungas D, Weiler PG. Relation of cognitive status and abnormal behaviors in Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990;38:867-870.
  24. Cohen D, Eisdorfer C, Gorelick P, et al. Psychopathology associated with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. J Gerontol 1993;48:M255-M260.
  25. Berrios GE, Brook P. Visual hallucinations and sensory delusions in the elderly. Br J Psychiatry 1984;144:662-664.
  26. Sinha D, Zemlan FP, Nelson S, et al. A new scale for assessing behavioral agitation in dementia. Psychiatry Res 1992;41:73-88.
  27. Cummings JL, Victoroff JI. Noncognitive neuropsychiatric syndromes in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 1990;3:140-158.
  28. Mendez MF, Martin RJ, Smyth KA, Whitehouse PJ. Psychiatric symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1990;2:28-33.
  29. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960;32:56-61.
  30. Drachman DA, Swearer JM, O'Donnell BF, Mitchell AL, Maloon A. The caretaker obstreperous-behavior rating assessment (COBRA) scale. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992;40:463-480.
  31. 10.1016/0165-0327(93)90071-Q · DOI
  32. 10.1093/geronj/46.1.B3 · doi:10.1093/geronj/46.1.b3
  33. Reisberg B Borenstein J Salob SP et al. Behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: phenomenology and treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 1987;48(suppl 5):9-15. · DOI
  34. McLean S. Assessing dementia. Part II: Clinical, functional, neuropsychological and social issues. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1987;21:284-304.
  35. 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1988.tb03426.x · DOI · Paper page
  36. Sim M, Sussman I. Alzheimer's disease: its natural history and differential diagnosis. J Nerv Ment Dis 1962;135:489-499.
  37. Burns A, Jacoby R, Levy R. Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer's disease. IV: Disorders of behavior. Br J Psychiatry 1990;157:86-94.
  38. 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1988.tb03427.x · DOI · Paper page
  39. Ryden MB. Aggressive behavior in persons with dementia who live in the community. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1988;2:342-355.
  40. Hamel M, Gold DP, Andres D, et al. Predictors and consequences of aggressive behavior by community-based dementia patients. Gerontologist 1990;30:206-211.
  41. Cummings JL, Mega MS, Gray K, et al. The neuropsychiatric inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology 1994;44:2308-2314.
  42. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group, Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1984;34:939-944.
  43. Cummings JL, Benson DF, Lo Verme S. Reversible dementia: illustrative cases, definition, and review. JAMA 1980;243:2434-2439.
  44. 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90017-5 · DOI
  45. 10.1177/089198879000300101 · doi:10.1177/089198879000300101
  46. Cummings JL. Depression and Parkinson's disease: a review. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:443-454.

Cited by

See all 1,115

Metadata

Authors
Mega, M. S., Cummings, J. L., Fiorello, T., & Gornbein, J.
Venue
Neurology
Published
1996-01
Volume
46
Issue
1
Pages
130-135
ISSN
  • 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
  • 1526-632X
OpenAlex
W2124214624
Cited by
1,115
References
3
FWCI
20.34
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The spectrum of behavioral changes in Alzheimer's disease. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1212/wnl.46.1.130
The paper
Mega, M. S., Cummings, J. L., Fiorello, T., & Gornbein, J. (1996). The spectrum of behavioral changes in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.46.1.130

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.