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Cited by 2,422Traumatic Brain Injury ResearchPhilosophy and Theoretical ScienceIntensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The minimally conscious state: Definition and diagnostic criteria

Open access
Giacino, J.T., Ashwal, S., Childs, N., Cranford, R., Jennett, B., Katz, D.I., Kelly, J.P., Rosenberg, J.H., Whyte, J., Zafonte, R.D., Zasler, N.D.·2002·Neurology
DOI 10.1212/wnl.58.3.349
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To establish consensus recommendations among health care specialties for defining and establishing diagnostic criteria for the minimally conscious state (MCS). BACKGROUND: There is a subgroup of patients with severe alteration in consciousness who do not meet diagnostic criteria for coma or the vegetative state (VS). These patients demonstrate inconsistent but discernible evidence of consciousness. It is important to distinguish patients in MCS from those in coma and VS because preliminary findings suggest that there are meaningful differences in outcome. METHODS: An evidence-based literature review of disorders of consciousness was completed to define MCS, develop diagnostic criteria for entry into MCS, and identify markers for emergence to higher levels of cognitive function. RESULTS: There were insufficient data to establish evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis, prognosis, and management of MCS. Therefore, a consensus-based case definition with behaviorally referenced diagnostic criteria was formulated to facilitate future empirical investigation. CONCLUSIONS: MCS is characterized by inconsistent but clearly discernible behavioral evidence of consciousness and can be distinguished from coma and VS by documenting the presence of specific behavioral features not found in either of these conditions. Patients may evolve to MCS from coma or VS after acute brain injury. MCS may also result from degenerative or congenital nervous system disorders. This condition is often transient but may also exist as a permanent outcome. Defining MCS should promote further research on its epidemiology, neuropathology, natural history, and management.

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Crossref · 10.1212/wnl.58.3.349

Cites

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Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. 10.1001/jama.282.10.974 · DOI
  2. Paris JJ. The six million dollar woman. Conn Med . 1981; 45: 720–721.
  3. Kalmar K, Giacino JT. Comparison of rates of recovery and outcome in vegetative and minimally responsive persons following traumatic vs. non-traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1995; 76: 597.Abstract.
  4. Francisco GE, Yablon SA, Ivanhoe CB, et al. Outcome among vegetative and minimally responsive patients with severe acquired brain injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil . 1996; 75: 158.Abstract.

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Metadata

Authors
Giacino, J. T., Ashwal, S., Childs, N., Cranford, R., Jennett, B., Katz, D. I., Kelly, J. P., Rosenberg, J. H., Whyte, J., Zafonte, R. D., & Zasler, N. D.
Affiliations
Loma Linda University Medical Center (US)
ORCID
Venue
Neurology
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2002-02-12
Volume
58
Issue
3
Pages
349-353
ISSN
  • 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
  • 1526-632X
DOI
10.1212/wnl.58.3.349
OpenAlex
W2168575964
Cited by
2,422
References
34
Citations by year
2026: 83 · 2025: 123 · 2024: 150 · 2023: 144 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 132 · 2020: 151 · 2019: 113 · 2018: 137 · 2017: 132 · 2016: 106 · 2015: 119 · 2014: 123 · 2013: 126 · 2012: 117
FWCI
27.80
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Neurology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • JFK Medical Center Foundation
  • School of Medicine, Boston University
  • University of Pittsburgh
  • Hennepin County Medical Center
  • Loma Linda University
  • American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
  • University of Glasgow
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders
Keywords
minimally conscious state, disorders of consciousness, diagnostic criteria, coma, vegetative state, case definition, prognosis, acute brain injury, degenerative neurological disorders, emergence of consciousness
MeSH terms
Humans, Neurologic Examination, Persistent Vegetative State

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