Cited by 2,422Traumatic Brain Injury ResearchPhilosophy and Theoretical ScienceIntensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The minimally conscious state: Definition and diagnostic criteria

Open access

Giacino, J.T., Ashwal, S., Childs, N., Cranford, R., Jennett, B., Katz, D.I., Kelly, J.P., Rosenberg, J.H., Whyte, J., Zafonte, R.D., Zasler, N.D.·2002·Neurology

DOI 10.1212/wnl.58.3.349

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To establish consensus recommendations among health care specialties for defining and establishing diagnostic criteria for the minimally conscious state (MCS). BACKGROUND: There is a subgroup of patients with severe alteration in consciousness who do not meet diagnostic criteria for coma or the vegetative state (VS). These patients demonstrate inconsistent but discernible evidence of consciousness. It is important to distinguish patients in MCS from those in coma and VS because preliminary findings suggest that there are meaningful differences in outcome. METHODS: An evidence-based literature review of disorders of consciousness was completed to define MCS, develop diagnostic criteria for entry into MCS, and identify markers for emergence to higher levels of cognitive function. RESULTS: There were insufficient data to establish evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis, prognosis, and management of MCS. Therefore, a consensus-based case definition with behaviorally referenced diagnostic criteria was formulated to facilitate future empirical investigation. CONCLUSIONS: MCS is characterized by inconsistent but clearly discernible behavioral evidence of consciousness and can be distinguished from coma and VS by documenting the presence of specific behavioral features not found in either of these conditions. Patients may evolve to MCS from coma or VS after acute brain injury. MCS may also result from degenerative or congenital nervous system disorders. This condition is often transient but may also exist as a permanent outcome. Defining MCS should promote further research on its epidemiology, neuropathology, natural history, and management.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1212/wnl.58.3.349

Cites

33 of 33 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

ASSESSMENT OF OUTCOME AFTER SEVERE BRAIN DAMAGE A Practical Scale
JENNETT, B. (1975) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(75)92830-5 · Cited by 7,501
Self-citation
Medical Aspects of the Persistent Vegetative State
The Multi-Society Task Force on PVS (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199405263302107 · Cited by 1,549
PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE AFTER BRAIN DAMAGE
Jennett, B., & Plum, F. (1972) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(72)90242-5 · Cited by 1,230
Self-citation
The Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma.
Plum, F., & Posner, J. B. (1967) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-66-1-244 · Cited by 1,156
Disability rating scale for severe head trauma: coma to community.
Rappaport, M. B., Hall, K., Hopkins, K. L., Belleza, T., & Cope, D. N. (1982) · PubMed · Cited by 1,093
Rehabilitation of Persons With Traumatic Brain Injury
Injury, N. C. D. P. O. R. O. P. W. T. B. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.10.974 · Cited by 844
Misdiagnosis of the vegetative state: retrospective study in a rehabilitation unit: Table 1
Andrews, K., Murphy, L., Munday, R., & Littlewood, C. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.313.7048.13 · Cited by 818
Accuracy of diagnosis of persistent vegetative state
Childs, N. L., Mercer, W. N., & Childs, H. W. (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.8.1465 · Cited by 540
Self-citation
The Western Neuro Sensory Stimulation Profile: a tool for assessing slow-to-recover head-injured patients.
Ansell, B. J., & Keenan, J. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 431
Evaluation of coma and vegetative states.
Rappaport, M. B., Dougherty, A. M., & Kelting, D. L. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 417

Show all 34 references

Research works printed but not linked: 4

10.1001/jama.282.10.974 · DOI
Paris JJ. The six million dollar woman. Conn Med . 1981; 45: 720–721.
Kalmar K, Giacino JT. Comparison of rates of recovery and outcome in vegetative and minimally responsive persons following traumatic vs. non-traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1995; 76: 597.Abstract.
Francisco GE, Yablon SA, Ivanhoe CB, et al. Outcome among vegetative and minimally responsive patients with severe acquired brain injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil . 1996; 75: 158.Abstract.

Sorted by citations

The JFK Coma Recovery Scale-Revised: Measurement characteristics and diagnostic utility11No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the authors or upon any organization with which the authors are associated.
Giacino, J. T., Kalmar, K., & Whyte, J. (2004) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2004.02.033 · Cited by 1,884
Self-citation
Post-cardiac arrest syndrome: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognostication
Nolan, J. P., Neumar, R. W., Adrie, C., Aibiki, M., Berg, R. A., Böttiger, B. W., Callaway, C. W., Clark, R. S. B., Geocadin, R. G., Jauch, E. C., et al. (2008) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.09.017 · Cited by 1,519
Willful Modulation of Brain Activity in Disorders of Consciousness
Monti, M. M., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Coleman, M. R., Boly, M., Pickard, J. D., Tshibanda, L., Owen, A. M., & Laureys, S. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0905370 · Cited by 1,469
Post–Cardiac Arrest Syndrome
Neumar, R. W., Nolan, J. P., Adrie, C., Aibiki, M., Berg, R. A., Böttiger, B. W., Callaway, C. W., Clark, R. S. B., Geocadin, R. G., Jauch, E. C., et al. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.190652 · Cited by 1,460
General Anesthesia, Sleep, and Coma
Brown, E. N., Lydic, R., & Schiff, N. D. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra0808281 · Cited by 1,413
Diagnostic accuracy of the vegetative and minimally conscious state: Clinical consensus versus standardized neurobehavioral assessment
Caroline Schnakers, A., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Giacino, J. T., Ventura, M., Boly, M., Majerus, S., Moonen, G., & Laureys, S. (2009) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/1471-2377-9-35 · Cited by 1,351
Self-citation
Unresponsive wakefulness syndrome: a new name for the vegetative state or apallic syndrome
the European Task Force on Disorders of Consciousness, Laureys, S., Celesia, G. G., Cohadon, F., Lavrijsen, J. C. M., León‐Carrión, J., Sannita, W. G., Sazbon, L., Schmutzhard, E., von Wild, K. R. H., et al. (2010) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-8-68 · Cited by 1,287
Consciousness, accessibility, and the mesh between psychology and neuroscience
Block, N. (2007) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x07002786 · Cited by 1,146
Behavioural improvements with thalamic stimulation after severe traumatic brain injury
Schiff, N. D., Giacino, J. T., Kalmar, K., Victor, J. D., Baker, K., Gerber, M., Fritz, B., Eisenberg, B., O’Connor, J., Kobylarz, E. J., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06041 · Cited by 1,051
Self-citation
Brain function in coma, vegetative state, and related disorders
Laureys, S., Owen, A. M., & Schiff, N. D. (2004) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(04)00852-x · Cited by 1,033
Default network connectivity reflects the level of consciousness in non-communicative brain-damaged patients
Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Noirhomme, Q., Tshibanda, L. J.-F., Bruno, M.-A., Boveroux, P., Schnakers, C., Soddu, A., Perlbarg, V., Ledoux, D., Brichant, J.-F., et al. (2010) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp313 · Cited by 911
Disorders of consciousness after acquired brain injury: the state of the science
Giacino, J. T., Fins, J. J., Laureys, S., & Schiff, N. D. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2013.279 · Cited by 913
Self-citation
Placebo-Controlled Trial of Amantadine for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Giacino, J. T., Whyte, J., Bagiella, E., Kalmar, K., Childs, N. L., Khademi, A., Eifert, B., Long, D., Katz, D. I., Cho, S., et al. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1102609 · Cited by 814
Self-citation
Neural signature of the conscious processing of auditory regularities
Bekinschtein, T. A., Dehaene, S., Rohaut, B., Tadel, F., Cohen, L., & Naccache, L. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0809667106 · Cited by 738
Recovery from disorders of consciousness: mechanisms, prognosis and emerging therapies
Edlow, B. L., Claassen, J., Schiff, N. D., & Greer, D. M. (2020) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-020-00428-x · Cited by 773
European Academy of Neurology guideline on the diagnosis of coma and other disorders of consciousness
Kondziella, D., Bender, A., Diserens, K., van Erp, W. S., Estraneo, A., Formisano, R., Laureys, S., Naccache, L., Öztürk, Ş., Rohaut, B., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.14151 · Cited by 735
Recovery of consciousness after brain injury: a mesocircuit hypothesis
Schiff, N. D. (2010) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2009.11.002 · Cited by 733
Update of Neuropathology and Neurological Recovery After Traumatic Brain Injury
Povlishock, J. T., & Katz, D. I. (2005) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00001199-200501000-00008 · Cited by 676
Self-citation
From unresponsive wakefulness to minimally conscious PLUS and functional locked-in syndromes: recent advances in our understanding of disorders of consciousness
Bruno, M., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Thibaut, A., Moonen, G., & Laureys, S. (2011) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-011-6114-x · Cited by 670
Assessment Scales for Disorders of Consciousness: Evidence-Based Recommendations for Clinical Practice and Research
Seel, R. T., Sherer, M., Whyte, J., Katz, D. I., Giacino, J. T., Rosenbaum, A. M., Hammond, F. M., Kalmar, K., Pape, T., ZAFONTE, R. D., et al. (2010) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2010.07.218 · Cited by 642
Self-citation
The Simulation of Smiles (SIMS) model: Embodied simulation and the meaning of facial expression
Niedenthal, P. M., Mermillod, M., Maringer, M., & Hess, U. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x10000865 · Cited by 618
Diagnostic precision of PET imaging and functional MRI in disorders of consciousness: a clinical validation study
Stender, J., Gosseries, O., Bruno, M.-A., Charland-Verville, V., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Demertzi, A., Chatelle, C., Thonnard, M., Thibaut, A., Heine, L., et al. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60042-8 · Cited by 550
General Anesthesia and Altered States of Arousal: A Systems Neuroscience Analysis
Brown, E. N., Purdon, P. L., & Dort, C. J. V. (2011) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153200 · Cited by 578
Neuroanatomic Connectivity of the Human Ascending Arousal System Critical to Consciousness and Its Disorders
Edlow, B. L., Takahashi, E., Wu, O., Benner, T., Dai, G., Bu, L., Grant, P. E., Greer, D. M., Greenberg, S. M., Kinney, H. C., et al. (2012) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e3182588293 · Cited by 503
Preserved Feedforward But Impaired Top-Down Processes in the Vegetative State
Boly, M., Garrido, M. I., Gosseries, O., Bruno, M., Boveroux, P., Schnakers, C., Massimini, M., Vladimir Litvak, A., Laureys, S., & Friston, K. J. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1202043 · Cited by 508
Stratification of unresponsive patients by an independently validated index of brain complexity
Casarotto, S., Comanducci, A., Rosanova, M., Sarasso, S., Fecchio, M., Napolitani, M., Pigorini, A., G. Casali, A., Trimarchi, P. D., Boly, M., et al. (2016) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.24779 · Cited by 487
Recovery of cortical effective connectivity and recovery of consciousness in vegetative patients
Rosanova, M., Gosseries, O., Casarotto, S., Boly, M., Casali, A. G., Bruno, M.-A., Mariotti, M., Boveroux, P., Tononi, G., Laureys, S., et al. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr340 · Cited by 457
Are there levels of consciousness?
Bayne, T., Hohwy, J., & Owen, A. M. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.03.009 · Cited by 438
Standards for Studies of Neurological Prognostication in Comatose Survivors of Cardiac Arrest: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Geocadin, R. G., Callaway, C. W., Fink, E. L., Golan, E., Greer, D. M., Ko, N., Lang, E., Licht, D. J., Marino, B. S., McNair, N. D., et al. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000702 · Cited by 454
Therapeutic interventions in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness
Thibaut, A., Schiff, N. D., Giacino, J. T., Laureys, S., & Gosseries, O. (2019) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30031-6 · Cited by 433
Self-citation
Comprehensive systematic review update summary: Disorders of consciousness
Giacino, J. T., Katz, D. I., Schiff, N. D., Whyte, J., Ashman, E. J., Ashwal, S., Barbano, R. L., Hammond, F. M., Laureys, S., Ling, G. S. F., et al. (2018) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000005928 · Cited by 432
Self-citation
fMRI reveals large-scale network activation in minimally conscious patients
Schiff, N. D., Rodriguez‐Moreno, D. V., Kamal, A., Kim, K. H. S., Giacino, J. T., Plum, F., & Joy Hirsch, C. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000150883.10285.44 · Cited by 430
Self-citation
Cortical processing of noxious somatosensory stimuli in the persistent vegetative state
Laureys, S., Faymonville, M. E., Peigneux, P., Damas, P., Lambermont, B., Del Fiore, G., Degueldre, C., Aerts, J., Luxen, A., Franck, G., et al. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1236 · Cited by 432
Perception of pain in the minimally conscious state with PET activation: an observational study
Boly, M., Faymonville, M.-É., Caroline Schnakers, A., Peigneux, P., Lambermont, B. C., Phillips, C. L. M., Lancellotti, P., Luxen, A., Lamy, M., Moonen, G., et al. (2008) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70219-9 · Cited by 421
Coma and consciousness: paradigms (re)framed by neuroimaging
Laureys, S., & Schiff, N. D. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.041 · Cited by 397
Information Sharing in the Brain Indexes Consciousness in Noncommunicative Patients
King, J.-R., Sitt, J. D., Faugeras, F., Rohaut, B., El Karoui, I., Cohen, L., Naccache, L., & Dehaene, S. (2013) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.075 · Cited by 370
Intrinsic functional connectivity differentiates minimally conscious from unresponsive patients
Athena Demertzi, A., Antonopoulos, G., Heine, L., Voss, H. U., Crone, J. S., Angeles, C. D. L., Bahri, M. A., Perri, C. D., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Charland‐Verville, V., et al. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv169 · Cited by 398
Intrinsic Brain Activity in Altered States of Consciousness
Boly, M., Phillips, C. L. M., Tshibanda, L., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Schabus, M., Dang‐Vu, T. T., Moonen, G., Hustinx, R., Maquet, P., & Laureys, S. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1417.015 · Cited by 401
Long-term outcomes of chronic minimally conscious and vegetative states
Luauté, J., Maucort‐Boulch, D., Tell, L., Quelard, F., Sarraf, T., Iwaz, J., Dominique Boisson, A., & Fischer, C. (2010) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181e8e8df · Cited by 384
Brain Response to One's Own Name in Vegetative State, Minimally Conscious State, and Locked-in Syndrome
Perrin, F., Caroline Schnakers, A., Schabus, M., Degueldre, C., Goldman, S., Brédart, S., Faymonville, M.-É., Lamy, M., Moonen, G., Luxen, A., et al. (2006) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.63.4.562 · Cited by 382
The repetition of behavioral assessments in diagnosis of disorders of consciousness
Wannez, S., Heine, L., Thonnard, M., Gosseries, O., Laureys, S., & Coma Science Group collaborators (2017) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.24962 · Cited by 378
Early detection of consciousness in patients with acute severe traumatic brain injury
Edlow, B. L., Chatelle, C., Spencer-Salmon, C. A., Chu, C. J., Bodien, Y. G., O’Connor, K. L., Hirschberg, R. E., Hochberg, L. R., Giacino, J. T., Rosenthal, E. S., et al. (2017) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awx176 · Cited by 377
Self-citation
Impaired consciousness in epilepsy
Blumenfeld, H. (2012) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70188-6 · Cited by 374
Auditory Processing in Severely Brain Injured Patients: Differences Between the Minimally Conscious State and the Persistent Vegetative State
Boly, M., Faymonville, M.-E., Peigneux, P., Lambermont, B., Damas, P., Del Fiore, G., Degueldre, C., Franck, G., Luxen, A., Lamy, M., et al. (2004) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.61.2.233 · Cited by 358
Possible axonal regrowth in late recovery from the minimally conscious state
Voss, H. U. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci27021 · Cited by 355
Robust EEG-based cross-site and cross-protocol classification of states of consciousness
Engemann, D. A., Raimondo, F., King, J.-R., Rohaut, B., Louppe, G., Faugeras, F., Annen, J., Cassol, H., Gosseries, O., Fernandez-Slezak, D., et al. (2018) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awy251 · Cited by 329
Brain networks predict metabolism, diagnosis and prognosis at the bedside in disorders of consciousness
Chennu, S., Annen, J., Wannez, S., Thibaut, A., Chatelle, C., Cassol, H., Martens, G., Schnakers, C., Gosseries, O., Menon, D., et al. (2017) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awx163 · Cited by 339
Chronic disorders of consciousness
Bernat, J. L. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68508-5 · Cited by 350
tDCS in patients with disorders of consciousness: Sham-controlled randomized double-blind study
Thibaut, A., Bruno, M.-A., Ledoux, D., Demertzi, A., & Laureys, S. (2014) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000260 · Cited by 324
Functional connectivity in the default network during resting state is preserved in a vegetative but not in a brain dead patient
Boly, M., Tshibanda, L., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Noirhomme, Q., Schnakers, C., Ledoux, D., Boveroux, P., Garweg, C., Lambermont, B. C., Phillips, C. L. M., et al. (2009) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20672 · Cited by 333
Predictors of awakening from postanoxic status epilepticus after therapeutic hypothermia
Rossetti, A. O., Oddo, M., Liaudet, L., & Kaplan, P. W. (2009) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000343006.60851.62 · Cited by 323
Natural history of recovery from brain injury after prolonged disorders of consciousness: outcome of patients admitted to inpatient rehabilitation with 1–4 year follow-up
Katz, D. I., Polyak, M., Coughlan, D., Nichols, M., & Roche, A. (2009) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(09)17707-5 · Cited by 320
Self-citation
Information processing in severe disorders of consciousness: Vegetative state and minimally conscious state
Kotchoubey, B., Lang, S., Mezger, G., Schmalohr, D., Schneck, M., Semmler, A.-L., Bostanov, V., & Birbaumer, N. (2005) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2005.03.028 · Cited by 317
Residual cerebral activity and behavioural fragments can remain in the persistently vegetative brain
Schiff, N. D., Ribary, U., Moreno, D. R., Beattie, B., Kronberg, E., Blasberg, R., Giacino, J., McCagg, C., Fins, J. J., Llinás, R., et al. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf131 · Cited by 306
Self-citation
The JFK coma recovery scale—revised
Kalmar, K., & Giacino, J. T. (2005) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602010443000425 · Cited by 301
Self-citation
Late recovery after traumatic, anoxic, or hemorrhagic long-lasting vegetative state
Estraneo, A., Moretta, P., Loreto, V., Lanzillo, B., Santoro, L., & Trojano, L. (2010) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181e8e8cc · Cited by 301
Voluntary brain processing in disorders of consciousness
Caroline Schnakers, A., Perrin, F., Schabus, M., Majerus, S., Ledoux, D., Damas, P., Boly, M., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Bruno, M., Moonen, G., et al. (2008) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000334754.15330.69 · Cited by 293
Consciousness in humans and non-human animals: recent advances and future directions
Boly, M., Seth, A. K., Wilke, M., Ingmundson, P., Baars, B., Laureys, S., Edelman, D. B., & Tsuchiya, N. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00625 · Cited by 291
When thoughts become action: An fMRI paradigm to study volitional brain activity in non-communicative brain injured patients
Boly, M., Coleman, M. R., Davis, M. H., Hampshire, A., Bor, D., Moonen, G., Maquet, P., Pickard, J. D., Laureys, S., & Owen, A. M. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.02.047 · Cited by 291
Towards the routine use of brain imaging to aid the clinical diagnosis of disorders of consciousness
Coleman, M. R., Davis, M. H., Rodd, J. M., Robson, T., Ali, A., Owen, A. M., & Pickard, J. D. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp183 · Cited by 284
Resting State Networks and Consciousness
Heine, L., Soddu, A., Gómez, F., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Tshibanda, L., Thonnard, M., Charland-Verville, V., Kirsch, M., Laureys, S., & Demertzi, A. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00295 · Cited by 272
A role for the default mode network in the bases of disorders of consciousness
Fernández‐Espejo, D., Soddu, A., Cruse, D., Palacios, E. M., Junqué, C., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Rivas, E., Newcombe, V., Menon, D. K., Pickard, J. D., et al. (2012) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.23635 · Cited by 287
Dissociations between behavioural and functional magnetic resonance imaging-based evaluations of cognitive function after brain injury
Bardin, J. C., Fins, J. J., Katz, D. I., Hersh, J. E., Heier, L., Tabelow, K., Dyke, J. P., Ballon, D., Schiff, N. D., & Voss, H. U. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr005 · Cited by 272
Self-citation
PREDICTORS OF AWAKENING FROM POSTANOXIC STATUS EPILEPTICUS AFTER THERAPEUTIC HYPOTHERMIA
Freeman, W. D., Barrett, K. M., Freeman, M. L., Johnson, M. Q., & Divertie, G. D. (2009) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181bd6923 · Cited by 265
Neural correlates of consciousness in patients who have emerged from a minimally conscious state: a cross-sectional multimodal imaging study
Perri, C. D., Bahri, M. A., Amico, E., Thibaut, A., Heine, L., Antonopoulos, G., Charland‐Verville, V., Wannez, S., Gómez, F. A., Hustinx, R., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(16)00111-3 · Cited by 277
The vegetative state
Monti, M. M., Laureys, S., & Owen, A. M. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c3765 · Cited by 258
Diffusion weighted imaging distinguishes the vegetative state from the minimally conscious state
Fernández‐Espejo, D., Bekinschtein, T. A., Monti, M. M., Pickard, J. D., Junqué, C., Coleman, M. R., & Owen, A. M. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.08.035 · Cited by 257
Do vegetative patients retain aspects of language comprehension? Evidence from fMRI
Coleman, M. R., Rodd, J. M., Davis, M. H., Johnsrude, I. S., Menon, D. K., Pickard, J. D., & Owen, A. M. (2007) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm170 · Cited by 246
Functional neuroimaging of the vegetative state
Owen, A. M., & Coleman, M. R. (2008) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2330 · Cited by 235
Determination of awareness in patients with severe brain injury using EEG power spectral analysis
Goldfine, A. M., Victor, J. D., Conte, M. M., Bardin, J. C., & Schiff, N. D. (2011) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2011.03.022 · Cited by 240
Behavioral evaluation of consciousness in severe brain damage
Majerus, S., Gill-Thwaites, H., Andrews, K. L., & Laureys, S. (2005) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(05)50028-1 · Cited by 239
Functional neuroanatomy underlying the clinical subcategorization of minimally conscious state patients
Bruno, M.-A., Majerus, S., Boly, M., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Schnakers, C., Gosseries, O., Boveroux, P., Kirsch, M., Demertzi, A., Bernard, C., et al. (2012) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-011-6303-7 · Cited by 239
A common neural code for similar conscious experiences in different individuals
Naçi, L., Cusack, R., Anello, M., & Owen, A. M. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1407007111 · Cited by 238
Diagnosing Level of Consciousness: The Limits of the Glasgow Coma Scale Total Score
Bodien, Y. G., Barra, A., Temkin, N. R., Barber, J. K., Foreman, B. P., Vassar, M. J., Robertson, C. S., Taylor, S. R., Markowitz, A. J., Manley, G. T., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2021.0199 · Cited by 233
Self-citation
Physiological feelings
Pace-Schott, E. F., Amole, M. C., Aue, T., Balconi, M., Bylsma, L. M., Critchley, H., Demaree, H. A., Friedman, B. H., Gooding, A. E. K., Gosseries, O., et al. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.002 · Cited by 221
“Minimally conscious patients present signs of awareness such as visual pursuit or responses to command (Giacino et al., 2002) and they can also perceive pain (Boly et al.”
Behavioral assessment in patients with disorders of consciousness: gold standard or fool's gold?
Giacino, J. T., Caroline Schnakers, A., Rodriguez‐Moreno, D. V., Kalmar, K., Schiff, N. D., & Joy Hirsch, C. (2009) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(09)17704-x · Cited by 215
Self-citation
Detecting awareness after severe brain injury
Fernández‐Espejo, D., & Owen, A. M. (2013) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3608 · Cited by 208
Mismatch negativity predicts recovery from the vegetative state
Wijnen, V. J. M., Boxtel, G. J. M. V., Eilander, H. J., & de Gelder, B. (2007) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2006.11.020 · Cited by 210
Clinical and advanced neurophysiology in the prognostic and diagnostic evaluation of disorders of consciousness: review of an IFCN-endorsed expert group
Comanducci, A., Boly, M., Claassen, J., Marzia De Lucia, E., Gibson, R. M., Juan, E., Laureys, S., Naccache, L., Owen, A. M., Rosanova, M., et al. (2020) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2020.07.015 · Cited by 212
Improved prediction of awakening or nonawakening from severe anoxic coma using tree-based classification analysis*
Fischer, C., Luauté, J., Nemoz, C., Morlet, D., Kirkorian, G., & Mauguı̀ere, F. (2006) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000215823.36344.99 · Cited by 208
The minimally conscious state and recovery potential: A follow-up study 2 to 5 years after traumatic brain injury
Lammi, M. H., Smith, V. M., Tate, R. L., & Taylor, C. M. (2005) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2004.11.004 · Cited by 208
The Nociception Coma Scale: A new tool to assess nociception in disorders of consciousness
Caroline Schnakers, A., Chatelle, C., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Majerus, S., Ledoux, D., Boly, M., Bruno, M., Boveroux, P., Athena Demertzi, A., Moonen, G., et al. (2009) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.09.028 · Cited by 207
The minimally conscious state: Definition and diagnostic criteria
Burke, W. J. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.59.9.1473 · Cited by 206
Predictive value of sensory and cognitive evoked potentials for awakening from coma
Fischer, C., Luauté, J., Adeleine, P., & Morlet, D. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000134670.10384.e2 · Cited by 204
A Brief Review of Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation
Chua, K. S. G., Ng, Y. S., Yap, S. G., & Bok, C. W. (2007) · Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore · doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v36n1p31 · Cited by 199
Tests for consciousness in humans and beyond
Bayne, T., Seth, A. K., Massimini, M., Shepherd, J., Cleeremans, A., Fleming, S. M., Malach, R., Mattingley, J. B., Menon, D. K., Owen, A. M., et al. (2024) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2024.01.010 · Cited by 198
Single-trial decoding of auditory novelty responses facilitates the detection of residual consciousness
King, J. R., Faugeras, F., Gramfort, A., Schurger, A., El Karoui, I., Sitt, J. D., Rohaut, B., Wacongne, C., Labyt, E., Bekinschtein, T., et al. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.013 · Cited by 197
Resting-state EEG study of comatose patients: a connectivity and frequency analysis to find differences between vegetative and minimally conscious states.
Lehembre, R., Bruno, M., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Chatelle, C., Cologan, V., Leclercq, Y., Soddu, A., Macq, B. M. M., Laureys, S., & Noirhomme, Q. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 197
Death, unconsciousness and the brain
Laureys, S. (2005) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1789 · Cited by 204
Probing command following in patients with disorders of consciousness using a brain–computer interface
Lulé, D. E., Noirhomme, Q., Kleih, S. C., Chatelle, C., Halder, S., Athena Demertzi, A., Bruno, M., Gosseries, O., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Caroline Schnakers, A., et al. (2012) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2012.04.030 · Cited by 191
Cognitive Motor Dissociation in Disorders of Consciousness
Bodien, Y. G., Allanson, J. E., Cardone, P., Bonhomme, A., Carmona, J. C., Chatelle, C., Chennu, S., Conte, M. M., Dehaene, S., Finoia, P., et al. (2024) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2400645 · Cited by 190
Self-citation
Comprehensive Systematic Review Update Summary: Disorders of Consciousness
Giacino, J. T., Katz, D. I., Schiff, N. D., Whyte, J., Ashman, E. J., Ashwal, S., Barbano, R. L., Hammond, F. M., Laureys, S., Ling, G. S. F., et al. (2018) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2018.07.002 · Cited by 189
Self-citation
A perturbational approach for evaluating the brain’s capacity for consciousness
Massimini, M., Boly, M., Casali, A., Rosanova, M., & Tononi, G. (2009) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(09)17714-2 · Cited by 184
Event related potentials elicited by violations of auditory regularities in patients with impaired consciousness
Faugeras, F., Rohaut, B., Weiss, N., Bekinschtein, T., Galanaud, D., Puybasset, L., Bolgert, F., Sergent, C., Cohen, L., Dehaene, S., et al. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.12.015 · Cited by 174
Event-related potentials (MMN and novelty P3) in permanent vegetative or minimally conscious states
Fischer, C., Luauté, J., & Morlet, D. (2010) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2010.02.005 · Cited by 182
Cerebral processing in the minimally conscious state
Machado, C. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.65.6.973 · Cited by 182
Minimally conscious state or cortically mediated state?
Naccache, L. (2018) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awx324 · Cited by 181
The Vegetative State: Prevalence, Misdiagnosis, and Treatment Limitations
van Erp, W. S., Lavrijsen, J. C. M., Vos, P. E., Bor, H. H. J., Laureys, S., & Koopmans, R. T. C. M. (2014) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2014.10.014 · Cited by 179
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Effects in Disorders of Consciousness
Angelakis, E., Liouta, E., Andreadis, N., Korfias, S. I., Ktonas, P. Y., Stranjalis, G., & Sakas, D. E. (2013) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2013.09.002 · Cited by 179
Predictors of outcome in prolonged posttraumatic disorders of consciousness and assessment of medication effects: A multicenter study
Whyte, J., Katz, D. I., Long, D., DiPasquale, M. C., Polansky, M., Kalmar, K., Giacino, J. T., Childs, N. L., Mercer, W. N., Novak, P., et al. (2005) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2004.05.016 · Cited by 178
Self-citation

Authors: Giacino, J. T., Ashwal, S., Childs, N., Cranford, R., Jennett, B., Katz, D. I., Kelly, J. P., Rosenberg, J. H., Whyte, J., Zafonte, R. D., & Zasler, N. D.
Affiliations: Loma Linda University Medical Center (US)
ORCID: Giacino, J.T.
Ashwal, S.
Katz, D.I.
Kelly, J.P.
Whyte, J.
Zafonte, R.D.
Zasler, N.D.
Venue: Neurology
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2002-02-12
Volume: 58
Issue: 3
Pages: 349-353
ISSN: 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
1526-632X
DOI: 10.1212/wnl.58.3.349
OpenAlex: W2168575964
Cited by: 2,422
References: 34
Citations by year: 2026: 83 · 2025: 123 · 2024: 150 · 2023: 144 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 132 · 2020: 151 · 2019: 113 · 2018: 137 · 2017: 132 · 2016: 106 · 2015: 119 · 2014: 123 · 2013: 126 · 2012: 117
FWCI: 27.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Neurology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: JFK Medical Center Foundation
School of Medicine, Boston University
University of Pittsburgh
Hennepin County Medical Center
Loma Linda University
American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
University of Glasgow
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders
Keywords: minimally conscious state, disorders of consciousness, diagnostic criteria, coma, vegetative state, case definition, prognosis, acute brain injury, degenerative neurological disorders, emergence of consciousness
MeSH terms: Humans, Neurologic Examination, Persistent Vegetative State

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The minimally conscious state: Definition and diagnostic criteria

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks