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Cited by 1,098Statistical Methods and ApplicationsAdvanced Statistical Methods and ModelsStatistical Distribution Estimation and Applications

An Extension of Box's Results on the Use of the $F$ Distribution in Multivariate Analysis

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Geisser, Seymour, Greenhouse, Samuel W.·1958·The Annals of Mathematical Statistics
DOI 10.1214/aoms/1177706545
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Abstract

The mixed model in a 2-way analysis of variance is characterized by a fixed classification, e.g., treatments, and a random classification, e.g., plots or individuals. If we consider $k$ different treatments each applied to everyone of $n$ individuals, and assume the usual analysis of variance assumptions of uncorrelated errors, equal variances and normality, an appropriate analysis for the set of $nk$ observations $x_{ij}, i = 1, 2, \cdots n, j = 1, 2, \cdots k$, is ???? where the $F$ ratio under the null hypothesis has the $F$ distribution with $(k - 1)$ and $(k - 1)(n - 1)$ degrees of freedom. As is well known, if we extend the situation so that the errors have equal correlations instead of being uncorrelated, the $F$ ratio has the same distribution. Under the null hypothesis, the numerator estimates the same quantity as the denominator, namely, $(1 - \rho)\sigma^2$, where $\rho$ is the constant correlation coefficient among the treatments. This case can also be considered as a sampling of $n$ vectors (individuals) from a $k$-variate normal population with variance-covariance matrix $$V = \sigma^2 \begin{pmatrix} 1 & \rho & \cdots & \rho \\ \rho & & & \vdots \\ \vdots & & & \rho \\ \rho & \cdots & \rho & 1\end{pmatrix}.$$ If we consider this type of formulation and suppose the $k$ treatment errors to have a multivariate normal distribution with unknown variance-covariance matrix (the same for each individual), then the usual test described above is valid for $k = 2$. For $k > 2$, and $n \geqq k$, Hotelling's $T^2$ is the appropriate test for the homogeneity of the treatment means. However, the working statistician is sometimes confronted with the case where $k > n$, or he does not have the adequate means for computing large order inverse matrices and would therefore like to use the original test ratio which in general does not have the requisite $F$ distribution. Box [1] and [2] has given an approximate distribution of the test ratio to be $F\lbrack(k - 1)\epsilon, (k - 1)(n - 1)\epsilon\rbrack$ where $\epsilon$ is a function of the population variances and covariances and may further be approximated by the sample variances and covariances. We show in Section 3 that $\epsilon \geqq (k - 1)^{-1}$, and therefore a conservative test would be $F(1, n - 1)$. Box referred only to one group of $n$ individuals. We shall extend his results to a frequently occurring case, namely, the analysis of $g$ groups where the $\alpha$th group has $n_\alpha$ individuals, $\alpha = 1, 2, \cdots g$, and $\Sigma^g_{\alpha = 1} n_\alpha = N$. We will show that the treatment mean square and the treatment $\times$ group interaction can be tested in the same approximate fashion by using the Box procedure.

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  • In order to compensate for adverse effects in tests of within effects or between-within interactions, the noncentrality parameter and the degrees of freedom of the F distribution can be multiplied by a correction factor.

    “In order to compensate for such adverse effects in tests of within effects or between-within interactions, the noncentrality parameter and the degrees of freedom of the F distribution can be multiplied by a correction factor (Geisser & Greenhouse, 1958;Huynh & Feldt, 1970).”

    From G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences (2007) · cites this paper as Geisser & Greenhouse, 1958

    The Introduction (p. 1) says the paper extends an approximate F-distribution adjustment to treatment effects and treatment-by-group interactions. Its analysis (p. 4) multiplies the numerator and denominator degrees of freedom by ε for those tests. The passages address distributions under the null hypothesis, but do not say that the noncentrality parameter is also multiplied by a correction factor. (LLM, conf=0.85)

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Authors
Geisser, S., & Greenhouse, S. W.
Venue
The Annals of Mathematical Statistics
Publisher
Institute of Mathematical Statistics
Published
1958-09
Volume
29
Issue
3
Pages
885-891
ISSN
0003-4851 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1214/aoms/1177706545
OpenAlex
W2095378814
Cited by
1,098
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 22
FWCI
2.96
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • The Annals of Mathematical Statistics (publishedVersion)
  • Project Euclid (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
  • Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Statistical Methods and Models
  • Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Distribution Estimation and Applications
Keywords
F distribution, mixed models, two-way analysis of variance, correlated errors, multivariate normal distribution, approximate distribution, covariance matrix estimation, multivariate analysis of variance

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