The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 50 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Introduction
Open accessOverview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This introduction argues that twenty-first-century TERF/gender-critical and anti-gender movements are best understood as a “postfascist feminism” that syncretically combines fascist tropes, neoliberalism, and elements of liberal feminism. It frames trans exclusion as a complex palimpsest rather than a merely reactionary anti-feminist project, and introduces a special issue on these movements and alliances.
Key findings
- The authors propose “postfascist feminism” and “a postfascist feminism of the 99 percent” to describe gender-critical/TERF politics: an injured mass of “normal women” defined by ontologically understood gendered identification, replacing class-based feminist solidarity with a shared self-definition as biologically overdetermined and authentically gendered subjects.
- They argue gender-critical movements repackage right-wing populist oppositions between “corrupt global elites” and “the people” into “genderists” versus “normal everyday people”; the “genderists” include trans celebrities and athletes, reproductive rights activists, women/gender/sexuality studies scholars, the European Union, and liberal foundations like the Open Society.
- They trace historical continuities between contemporary trans-exclusionary rhetoric and fascist tropes, especially the Fascist Italy/Nazi Germany “crisis-woman” and degeneracy/perversion anxieties, which resurface in claims about women’s safety, bathrooms, and sports.
- They insist that trans-exclusionary and gender-critical feminisms are feminisms, not simply anti-feminist movements, and must be historicized alongside white supremacist, imperialist, and liberal feminisms; the special issue examines alliances including second-wave US feminists and Zionism, online atheist groups and TERFs, and French materialist feminists and European religious conservatives.
Methods
- Design: theoretical and editorial introduction to a TSQ special issue; it advances a framing argument through conceptual and historical synthesis rather than empirical research.
- Data/sample: cites secondary scholarship, media, legal, and political examples, including the October 2018 US Department of Health and Human Services memo, the UK Gender Recognition Act reform process after a 2015 parliamentary inquiry, the Vatican’s 2006 Lexicon, and Soule v. CIAC; the special issue includes essays discussing trans-exclusionary politics in the United States, England, Japan, and France.
- Main analysis: builds on Enzo Traverso’s “postfascism,” Ernst Bloch on fascism as cultural synthesis, and decades of woman-of-color, Third World, and Black feminist critiques to argue that gender-critical movements function as a large-scale translation process producing “postfascist feminism of the 99 percent.”
Limitations
- The paper states that the special issue offers “no definitive conclusions” and that received essays clustered around relatively well-studied sites, primarily the United States and England, with additional essays on Japan and France; the editors’ original vision of many countries, languages, and translations was not realized, and the issue cannot offer a comprehensive account of trans-exclusionary politics.
- Evident from the text: as an introduction/editorial, it presents a framing argument and illustrative examples rather than systematic empirical evidence or a complete survey of gender-critical movements.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
63 Own interpretation · 40 Not checked yet · 13 No basis given · 1 Partly supported · 1 Own result · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“highly visible TERFs like the theorist Sheila Jeffreys, the journalist Julie Bindel, and the popular writer J. K. Rowling articulate the movement's brand of transphobia by claiming that trans womanhood is a patriarchal invention aimed at infiltrating women's spaces and undermining feminist movement building from within (Pearce, Erikainen, and Vincent 2020;Hines 2020).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pearce, Erikainen, and Vincent 2020
- Partly supportedcites Hines 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
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plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“But the volume of this genre of submissions illustrates, to our mind, the problem: there is still a persistent sense, especially among white Americans or other scholars situated in the global North, that feminism is an incontrovertible political good that, while perhaps requiring some tweaks, needs to be saved from those supposedly feminist bad actors that speak, without legitimation, in its name.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“a number of conservative gender-critical activists are advocating their position speaking emphatically as women: for example, popular European Catholic personalities like the German pro-life sociologist Gabriele Kuby (Kovats and Peto 2017: 117-18), the Italian blogger and chick-lit writer Costanza Miriano (Evolvi 2022), and the Belgian theologian and thinker Marguerite Peeters (Bracke, Dupont, and”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kovats and Peto 2017
- Not checked yetcites Evolvi 2022 source
- Not checked yetcites Bracke, Dupont, and Paternotte 2017
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The driving objective of this special issue is to start a collective conversation on the gender-critical movement as a whole by engaging it as an increasingly successful attempt to initiate something that, we propose, should be understood as a distinctively postfascist feminism.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In this instance, gender critical discourse attempts to juxtapose a vulnerable and silenced homogenous mass of”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Importantly and unsurprisingly, national and racial formations are also woven through the normative sexual and gender formations that the anti-gender movement sees itself as defending.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In their multiple references to liberal feminism, religious conservatism, colonialism, historical fascist imaginations, and even a highly reappropriated and reconfigured version of postcolonial feminist theory, gendercritical movements demand that we carefully attend to trans exclusion as a complex palimpsest and avoid reducing it to an easily dismissible brand of reactionary thought.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“As Chang (2015) explains, in Fascist Italy in particular, a coherent figure-the crisis-woman-emerged that served to transform widely consumed liberal feminist narratives of the Euro-American”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chang (2015) source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As is well-known, in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, the entangled figurations of perversion, degeneracy, and crisis were key mechanisms employed to surveil, control, and curb both organized and everyday political dissent (Mosse 1985;Benadusi 2012).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mosse 1985
- Not checked yetcites Benadusi 2012
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In the paper
“Similarly, the call to citizenry to resist the translation of a morally suspect theory into European languages in particular makes implicit reference to well-worn colonial tropes of Europe as”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kuhar and Paternotte 2017a: 268
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 71
- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“political fearmongering about the threat that gender diversity poses to the political and social order frequently returns to invocations of the putative threat to”
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“trans-exclusionary positions have emerged most loudly at moments when feminist movements have insisted on the centrality of trans liberation to their cause.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“But these facts clearly have not been as effective as simply invoking the specter of trans girl runners as the harbingers of the future downfall of all women's sports”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mitchell, 2021
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In the paper
“Mitchell admits that she is actually a very successful runner who has beat transgender girls in high school races many times, including Terry Miller, one of the trans girls named in the Soule lawsuit”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mitchell, 2021
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Mitchell's (2021) first-person article (carefully placed on yahoo.com),”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mitchell, 2021
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But the simplistic vignette of a clash of progressive feminist versus conservative anti-feminist ideas fails to capture the complexities of our current cultural moment”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, from the outset, the first anti-gender thinkers were keen to not present themselves simply as reacting to queer and feminist social advancements, attempting instead to utilize the latter as opportunities to establish something of an alternative conceptual laboratory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, both trans and cis womanhood are here rendered in highly ideological ways: the former as an example of individual behavior that is perverted and deviant and the latter as an ontological state whose normativity derives from its putative naturalness.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“What these articles showcase, we argue, is a particular manifestation of what Enzo Traverso (2019) describes as”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Traverso (2019)
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In the paper
“one in which fascist movements, ideologies, and imaginaries that had been hastily declared defunct after 1945 seem to be having something of a powerful afterlife (Eco 1995).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Eco 1995
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If this story sounds like far-right conspiracy theorizing, that is because it is familiar to and has long been promulgated by right-wing pundits and movements across old and new media platforms alike.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In it, Anatrella argued that the same Western societies that eagerly”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stambolis-Ruhstorfer and Tricou 2017: 84
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In the paper
“In the late 1990s, for example, French priest and psychoanalyst Tony Anatrella (1998) published La différence interdite: Sexualité, éducation, violence trente ans après Mai 68.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tony Anatrella (1998)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“one in which much of what is under contestation is the meaning attributed to feminism itself.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, in Germany the slogan”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Haller and Holt 2019: 1677
- Not checked yetcites von Redecker 2016
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the same”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Banet-Weiser 2015 source
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and when distinguished are only sometimes discussed alongside one another, even though the parallels are multiple.”
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In the paper
“The process of repackaging”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and, in others, as a timely piece of feminist militancy grounded on an essentialist story of womanhood as always already under threat: in danger, at risk, and in need of protection.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kuhar and Paternotte 2017b
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In the paper
“As Bray et al. (20203) remind us, the”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bray et al. (20203)
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In the paper
“As Mickey Elster explains in this special issue, today proponents of trans exclusion are more likely to use what the author calls a strategy of”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mickey Elster
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TERFism is typically described as an originally fringe group of Anglophonelargely American, British, and Australian-1970s cultural feminism that has grown exponentially over the past decade partially due to heightened media exposure.”
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In all its multiple manifestations, gender-critical discourse ostensibly takes issue with the feminist theoretical notion that sex and gender are social and cultural inventions (Scott 2016: 300)”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Scott 2016 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the gendercritical trans-exclusionary feminist movement organized against the proposed changes to the act, causing the reform process to stall (Pearce, Erikainen, and Vincent 2020: 678-79).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pearce, Erikainen, and Vincent 2020
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“fascism entered the political arena, in the very first instance, as a”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bloch ([1935] 1977: 5)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“What is being articulated here is a distinctively right-wing anticapitalism which casts heteronormative cis women as the ultimate losers of modernization and, therefore, the potential vanguard in the resistance against it.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and, crucially, with the attendant trans political vision for a world where a multitude of lives beyond the gender binary are both imaginable and rendered materially possible.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Scott 2016 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Much like the assemblage of fascist and neoliberal gendered figurations we have examined so far, the supposed untranslatability of gender is an easily recognizable postfascist rhetorical device: this is because refusing the possibility that a particular concept can be hybridized and rephrased in national languages other than English implicitly articulates the vision of a world made out of”
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“If, as Finchelstein (2019: 97) has suggested, today's right-wing movements that act within democratic national contexts are indeed engaged in a systematic”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Finchelstein (2019: 97)
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In fact, the gender-critical politicization of a true womanhood under threat by trans politics is not only genealogically coherent with multiple conservative moral panics and resilient fascist tropes but also with the longue durée of liberal, bourgeois, white feminist exclusions perpetrated along racial and class lines.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is not to say, of course, that the many varietals of thinking about gender that have traveled under the name of feminism over the past 150 years have not each had their critics.”
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In the paper
“it is just as much an effort to consolidate a sense of cis womanhood as ontologically defined by a particular relationship to victimization, the incursion of trans and otherwise gender-affirming politics being only the most recent perpetrator thereof.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The project of doing feminism better, we worry, has obscured a host of sobering but absolutely critical questions about how we understand feminism itself.”
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“one common tenet-not universal, but common-of many feminisms is the importance of sustained attention to how embodied experience is accounted for, and frequently hierarchized, in structures of power”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“this latter approach to feminist politics is typically and profoundly committed to the assumption of a coterminousness between womanhood and vulnerability-especially sexual vulnerability.”
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That the Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention in 1848 identified a set of priorities for women that were almost entirely unresponsive to the condition of Black and Native women”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One of the hallmarks of what we might call this style of neoliberal economics is precisely its emphasis on flexibility, which manifests at times as an incredibly absorptive capacity, a tendency to take the shape of the political container it fills.”
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“positing cis womanhood, as a putative experience, as under attack by trans people appeals to those who would call themselves feminists while also invoking older and more paternalistic and protective approaches to womanhood.It drafts those who would seek to protect”
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ringing the alarm around the putative victimization and endangerment of individual cis women draws on an age-old strategy, at least in the context of North American feminisms, and one that has historically walked neatly in step with white supremacy and nativism.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This position requires a belief in something akin to a reform politics”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here we can see the neat alignment between the interests of trans-exclusionary radical feminists and those of conservative litigators: through the recourse to the rhetoric of victimization or sheer elimination, they present trans people, and especially trans women, as an endemic threat to both feminism and womanhood more broadly.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“White supremacist feminisms-think of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Margaret Sanger, and other self-avowed feminists who advocated for racial eugenics, among other ideas -are feminisms.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Trans-exclusionary and gender-critical feminisms are feminisms.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this is not, in some ways, a new or even necessarily recent phenomenon.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a recent (but not in any way new) formation of feminism that has gained terrifying traction on a global scale over the last fifty or so years.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Trans-exclusionary and gender-critical feminisms are feminisms.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, in fact, feminist working-class solidarity seems to be replaced by the idea that what should instead bring women together is a shared self-definition as biologically overdetermined and authentically gendered subjects-in other words,”
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Critiques of how feminism has, today and in earlier times, been invoked in service of a wide range of pernicious and anti-liberationist ends have somehow not yet spurred a careful enough reckoning with the enduringly ambivalent character of feminism.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trans-exclusionary feminisms-in their manifold, quicksilver iterationsrepresent a rising tide of conservative feminism, a movement increasingly hailed by its proponents as something like a feminism of the 99 percent from a distinctively right-wing perspective.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Trans-exclusionary and gender-critical feminisms are feminisms.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The essays that we received, however, tended to cluster around a host of fairly well-studied sites, relative to this phenomenon, primarily the United States and England, although the issue also contains essays from writers discussing trans-exclusionary politics in Japan and France.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Feminism is not, of course, one thing.There are endless varietals of feminist activism, theorizing, politics, and praxis.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“does not mean it was not a feminist effort.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“somehow the self-evident nature of this idea has not, at least to our mind, been sufficiently absorbed into our understanding of trans-exclusionary feminisms, gender-critical feminisms, or other veins of feminist thinking that could broadly be characterized by an enduring concern with refuting the womanhood of trans women and contesting the legitimacy of trans experience as a whole.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The consistent recourse to the language of vulnerability and extinction -”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Halley, 2005
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The structuring economic conditions under which we currently liveneoliberalism -also demand incredible deftness in the face of ambivalence and complexity.”
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To frame trans women as a threat to cis girls and women-and often as specifically a threat to sexual safety, as advocates for trans-exclusionary bathroom bills have been wont to do-is to insist on the exchangeability of woman and cis woman”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“If trans-exclusionary feminisms are at least fifty years old in the United States, for example, then the importance of trans people to feminist political liberation, as scholars such as Emma Heaney and Jules Gill-Peterson have demonstrated, is even more enduring.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heaney
- Not checked yetcites Gill-Peterson
boostedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While this is probably due at least in part to a mix of an overlapping Anglophone readership and the fact that conversations on trans-exclusionary feminisms have more or less exploded over the last five years in US American and British scholarly communities”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a movement-indeed, a feminism-that points to the existence, or even an apotheosis, of a coalitional and longstanding global Far Right imagination that has been decades in the making.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Trans-exclusionary and gender-critical feminisms are feminisms.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On an individual or highly localized level, a politics of purity understands harm that one causesintentionally, knowingly, recklessly, or negligently, to invoke one of the foundational logics of mainstream feminism's most darling allies, American criminal law -as an extension of one's identity.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, to insist on the idea that feminism cannot accommodate oppressive politics is to commit to a kind of historical revisionism and present-day refusal of reality that bespeaks a will to ignore or even conceal the harm that is done in the name of feminism.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“even an issue full of essays showcasing distinct regions, languages, religious traditions, and political milieux would nonetheless never be able to offer a comprehensive account of the growing importance of trans-exclusionary politics to a vast range of right-wing movements.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trans-exclusionary politics is an increasing and increasingly complex phenomenon that has contributed to both the strength of right-wing movements and the strength of cultures of transphobia.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One of the many sources of feminism's political versatility in a range of both left-and right-wing projects is the fact that the notion of feminism has accrued an almost impossible capaciousness over the last century and a half.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This postfascist variation on a feminism of the 99 percent is certainly both problematically essentialist and highly paternalistic”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the transphobic imperative to consistently frame transness through the lens of novelty undergirds transexclusionary feminist claims to the historical endurance of their beliefs.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is no stability of meaning that might be attributed to the term feminist politics.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“The dictionary officially opened what the Pontifical Council for the Family called”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pontifical Council for the Family ( 2006)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it suffers from all the predictable liabilities of reform projects more generally, namely, an inability (or unwillingness) to see the problems that inhere in the structure itself, choosing instead to focus on fixing the smaller manifestations of the deeperseated issues.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But what we are referring to as a politics of purity insists on the bind between identity and action, which in turn makes taking responsibility almost impossible.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the argument by trans-exclusionary radical feminists that the term TERF (an acronym for”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rarely do these critiques ask whether feminism itself is the problem, focusing instead on how to make feminism better: more anti-racist, more responsive to both structural and localized injustices, less hegemonic.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but, as we will see more clearly in the next section, it may not, in fact, be any less feminist for that, as it is also perfectly in line with a particular Euro-American genealogy of liberal feminism.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Anti-gender movements are not just reactionary but fascist trends, the kind that support increasingly authoritarian governments.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Butler, 2021
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Part of the problem-not all of it, granted, but certainly part of it-may be that it has taken until the last decade, at least in the United States, for mainstream feminisms to experience a paradigm-shifting reckoning with the ambivalent character of feminist activism and politics, even as this reckoning had long been called for and has been unevenly absorbed.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is also, it should be said, an effort to reify the political innocence of women (well, cis women, and even then, only certain cis women) and feminism by defining those terms through a framework of phantasmatic vulnerability to trans people and politics without any accountability for the aggressive political harm they have also been used to effect.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, and related, the impulse to understand feminism as an incontrovertible political good is a form of purity politics that-apart from being a clichéd hallmark, in our current moment, of a particular cadre of the white Left-refuses to engage the pressing problem of ambivalence.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This latter approach also assumes women to be the subject of feminism, and womanhood to be an easily delineated category that includes most cis women and excludes most trans people, including -or especiallytrans women.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In some contexts this attention to embodied difference has been a vital site of resistance to, for example, racist violence and hegemony.”
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trans-exclusionary politics within feminism have also become a veritable crucible for what we understand feminism to be and to do, and they point importantly to the different feminist horizons that are delimited or made possible by different visions of the feminist political.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That some feminists seem reluctant to recognize it as such speaks to the need for better and more widely available vocabularies, frameworks, and analyses for how to anatomize the multivalent fortunes of feminist politics in the twenty-first century.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, this imagined 99 percent of women oppressed by the corrupt”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“if we think about trans-exclusionary feminisms as part of an ongoing litigation surrounding what constitutes legitimate womanhood, which has been consistently conscripted into the service of forms of structural power that we would do well to work against-white supremacy, xenophobia and nativism, ableism and eugenics -we may well end up being able to tell a clearer and more canny story about the”
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Non-Anglophone speakers are familiar enough with English as the idiom of global popular culture for the phrase 'Gendermainstreaming' to elicit an interpretation and an emotional response.
“While non-Anglophone speakers might not be able to ascribe an exact meaning to the phrase”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Trans-exclusionary and gender-critical feminisms are feminisms.
“This special issue, then, proceeds from the assumption that transexclusionary and gender-critical feminisms are feminisms and thus demand careful historicization, analysis, and contextualization as a recent (but not in any way new) formation of feminism that has gained terrifying traction on a global scale over the last fifty or so years.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Under the title Education for women's liberation , 2 this conference hosted an arsenal of academic and activist speakers known for their essentialist views on women and sex, their discriminatory views and politics towards trans people and trans women in particular and for their various documented overlaps with conservative and far-right agendas. 3”
From The anti-feminism of anti-trans feminism (2023) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Nature of Feminism
“"A Butch Eradication, Serviced with a Progressive Smile,"”
§ References
“Fox, Tristan. 2019. "A Butch Eradication, Served with a Progressive Smile."”
Citations
Cites
The twilight of equality?: neoliberalism, cultural politics, and the attack on democracy
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-6822 · Cited by 2,995
Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture
Thompson, J. W., Nelson, C., & Grossberg, L. (1989) · South Atlantic Review · doi:10.2307/3200554 · Cited by 2,741
Toward a feminist theory of the state
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-5386 · Cited by 2,391
The Politics of Fear: What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean
Wodak, R. (2015) · doi:10.4135/9781446270073 · Cited by 1,925
West, I. (2014) · QED A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking · doi:10.14321/qed.1.3.0162 · Cited by 1,480
Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro-American Woman Novelist
Gibson, D. B., & Carby, H. V. (1988) · Journal of American History · doi:10.2307/1901541 · Cited by 1,388
The Rise of Neoliberal Feminism
Rottenberg, C. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190901226.001.0001 · Cited by 799
Histories of the Transgender Child
Gill-Peterson, J. (2018) · University of Minnesota Press eBooks · doi:10.5749/j.ctv75d87g · Cited by 755
Against purity: living ethically in compromised times
Gillberg, C. (2017) · Disability & Society · doi:10.1080/09687599.2017.1372946 · Cited by 623
Remaking Women: Feminism and Modernity in the Middle East
(1998) · doi:10.1515/9781400831203 · Cited by 618
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Anatrella, 1998, La différence interdite: Sexualité, éducation, violence trente ans après Mai 68
- Bernini, 2018, The ‘Teoria del Gender’ in Italy: A Partisan Essay on a Floating Signifier, Revista psicologia política, 18, 543
- Bowen Angela . 2021. “Calling the Question: Is Womanism Feminism?” Journal of International Women's Studies22, no. 8. https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol22/iss8/41.
- Eco, 1995, Ur-Fascism
- Murphy, 2017, The Economization of Life
- Pontifical Council for the Family, 2006, Lexicon: Ambiguous and Debatable Terms Regarding Family Life and Ethical Questions
- Spivak, 1988, Can the Subaltern Speak?, 271
- Stryker, 2006, (De)Subjugated Knowledges: An Introduction to Transgender Studies, 1
- Wells, 1895, The Red Record: Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynching in the United States
Cited by
Sorted by citations
“Gender-Critical” Discourse as Disinformation: Unpacking TERF Strategies of Political Communication
Billard, T. J. (2023) · Women s Studies in Communication · doi:10.1080/07491409.2023.2193545 · Cited by 57
Gender danger. Mapping a decade of research on anti-gender politics
Korolczuk, E., Graff, A., & Kantola, J. (2025) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589236.2025.2489584 · Cited by 52
The reactionary turn in popular feminism
Kay, J. B. (2024) · Feminist Media Studies · doi:10.1080/14680777.2024.2393187 · Cited by 31
The anti-feminism of anti-trans feminism
Tudor, A. (2023) · European Journal of Women's Studies · doi:10.1177/13505068231164217 · Cited by 29
Grinspan, M. C., Eloit, I., Paternotte, D., Verloo, M., & Verloo, M. (2023) · DiGeSt Journal of Diversity and Gender Studies · doi:10.21825/digest.90008 · Cited by 25
Metadata
- Authors
- Bassi, S., & LaFleur, G.
- Venue
- TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly
- Publisher
- Duke University Press
- Published
- 2022-08-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 311-333
- ISSN
- 2328-9252 (ISSN-L)
- 2328-9260
- OpenAlex
- W4312266104
- Semantic Scholar
- 333bfb85cd506aaf28d0b2c3fc0a485c2fba22cc
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 34.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- TSQ Transgender Studies Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Short Stories in Global Literature
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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