Auxin patterns Solanum lycopersicum leaf morphogenesis
Abstract
One of the most striking aspects of plant diversity is variation in leaf shape. Much of this diversity is achieved by the modulation of leaf blade dissection to form lobes or leaflets. Here, we show that the phytohormone auxin is a crucial signal regulating the partitioned outgrowth necessary to develop a dissected leaf. In developing leaves, the asymmetric distribution of auxin, driven by active transport, delineates the initiation of lobes and leaflets and specifies differential laminar outgrowth. Furthermore, homologous members of the AUX/indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) gene family mediate the action of auxin in determining leaf shape by repressing outgrowth in areas of low auxin concentration during both simple and compound leaf development. These results provide molecular evidence that leaflets initiate in a process reminiscent of organogenesis at the shoot apical meristem, but that compound and simple leaves regulate marginal growth through an evolutionarily conserved mechanism, thus shedding light on the homology of compound and simple leaves.
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Boundaries between cotyledons and between developing leaflets are correlated with low auxin concentrations.
“Furthermore, the boundaries between cotyledons (Furutani et al., 2004) and between developing leaflets (Koenig et al., 2009) have been correlated with low auxin concentrations.”
From <i>Divide et impera</i>: boundaries shape the plant body and initiate new meristems (2016) · cites this paper as Koenig et al., 2009
Auxin application leads to the formation of ectopic leaflets and lamina outgrowth, suggesting auxin triggers leaflet initiation and lamina growth.
“In contrast, auxin application leads to the formation of ectopic leaflets and lamina outgrowth, suggesting that auxin triggers leaflet initiation and lamina growth (Barkoulas et al., 2008;Koenig et al., 2009;Ben-Gera et al., 2012).”
From <i>Divide et impera</i>: boundaries shape the plant body and initiate new meristems (2016) · cites this paper as Koenig et al., 2009
In tomato, blocking of polar auxin transport results in development of less compound leaves.
“In tomato, blocking of polar auxin transport results in development of less compound leaves (Koenig et al., 2009;Ben-Gera et al., 2012).”
From <i>Divide et impera</i>: boundaries shape the plant body and initiate new meristems (2016) · cites this paper as Koenig et al., 2009
Young e mutant leaf primordia show a broad auxin response at the leaf margin, corroborating that the interspersed pattern of auxin response maxima in wild-type tomato plants is a prerequisite for the observed pattern of compound leaf development.
“Young e mutant leaf primordia show a broad auxin response at the leaf margin, corroborating that the interspersed pattern of auxin response maxima in wild-type tomato plants is a prerequisite for the observed pattern of compound leaf development (Koenig et al., 2009;Ben-Gera et al., 2012).”
From <i>Divide et impera</i>: boundaries shape the plant body and initiate new meristems (2016) · cites this paper as Koenig et al., 2009
Cites
The NAC-domain transcription factor GOBLET specifies leaflet boundaries in compound tomato leaves
Berger, Y., Harpaz-Saad, S., Brand, A., Melnik, H., Sirding, N., Alvarez, J. P., Zinder, M., Samach, A., Eshed, Y., & Ori, N. (2009) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.031625 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Wenzel, C. L., Schuetz, M., Yu, Q., & Mattsson, J. (2007) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02977.x · Cited by 267 · see citing works
The Relationship between Auxin Transport and Maize Branching
Gallavotti, A., Yang, Y., Schmidt, R. J., & Jackson, D. (2008) · Plant Physiology · doi:10.1104/pp.108.121541 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Organogenetic capacity of leaves: The significance of marginal blastozones in angiosperms
Hagemann, W., & Gleissberg, S. (1996) · Plant Systematics and Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf00984901 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Meristem maintenance and compound-leaf patterning utilize common genetic mechanisms in tomato
Brand, A., Shirding, N., Shleizer, S., & Ori, N. (2007) · Planta · doi:10.1007/s00425-007-0540-0 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
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Wang, Q., Kohlen, W., Rossmann, S., Vernoux, T., & Theres, K. (2014) · The Plant Cell · doi:10.1105/tpc.114.123059 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
“In addition, several phenotypes previously associated with NPA application (Koenig et al., 2009) were also observed in our experiments (e.”
Background<i>Divide et impera</i>: boundaries shape the plant body and initiate new meristems
Wang, Q., Hasson, A., Rossmann, S., & Theres, K. (2016) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.13641 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
- Authors
- Koenig, D., Bayer, E., Kang, J., Kuhlemeier, C., & Sinha, N.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- University of Bern (CH)
- Venue
- Development
- Publisher
- The Company of Biologists
- Published
- 2009-09-01
- Volume
- 136
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 2997-3006
- ISSN
- 0950-1991 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-9129
- OpenAlex
- W1989885004
- Cited by
- 201
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 19.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Molecular Biology Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Keywords
- auxin, leaf morphogenesis, leaf shape, compound leaves, simple leaves, auxin transport, Aux/IAA genes, shoot apical meristem, organogenesis, tomato
- MeSH terms
- Indoleacetic Acids, Morphogenesis, Plant Growth Regulators, Plant Proteins, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Signal Transduction, Genes, Plant, Arabidopsis, Plant Leaves, Meristem, Solanum lycopersicum, Transgenes, Plants, Genetically Modified
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