The freeze-avoidance response of smelt Osmerus mordax
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SUMMARY: Smelt (Osmerus mordax) were maintained at either ambient water temperature or approximately 5°C and various aspects of their freeze-avoidance response were examined from early winter until early spring. Plasma levels of glycerol, trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) and urea were elevated by December 15 and continued to increase in fish held in ambient conditions. In contrast, fish held under warm conditions exhibited decreased glycerol and urea content in plasma, muscle and liver. Plasma and liver TMAO levels also decreased in these fish while muscle TMAO did not vary from the initial values. The activity of liver enzymes involved with the production of glycerol did not differ significantly between groups and had decreased by the end of the study. Antifreeze protein (AFP) expression increased over the duration of the experiment. In January samples, AFP activity (thermal hysteresis) did not vary significantly between groups but mRNA levels were significantly lower in the smelt held at warm temperatures.
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TMAO is involved in the adaptive freeze avoidance response to extreme cold, acting as antifreeze, in Newfoundland smelt.
“Other studies have reported that TMAO is involved in the adaptive freeze avoidance response to extreme cold – in other words, it acts as antifreeze – such as within Newfoundland smelt140.”
From Gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease. (2020) · cites this paper as [140]
These fish elevate plasma osmolarity by seasonal accumulation of TMAO and other organic solutes, depressing the freezing point of body fluids and allowing survival at sub-freezing temperatures.
“These fish have the ability to elevate plasma osmolarity by seasonal accumulation of TMAO and other organic solutes, which depresses the freezing point of body fluids and allows them to survive at sub-freezing temperatures.”
From Gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease. (2020) · cites this paper as [140]
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- Authors
- Treberg, J. R., Wilson, C. E., Richards, R. C., Ewart, K. V., & Driedzic, W. R.
- Affiliations
- Memorial University of Newfoundland (CA)
- Institute for Marine Biosciences (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Driedzic, William R.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Biology
- Publisher
- The Company of Biologists
- Published
- 2002-05-15
- Volume
- 205
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1419-1427
- ISSN
- 0022-0949 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-9145
- OpenAlex
- W1961863063
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NPARC (submittedVersion)
- DalSpace (Dalhousie University) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Division of Ocean Sciences
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Physiological and biochemical adaptations
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Marine and fisheries research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Polar Research and Ecology
- Keywords
- freeze avoidance, smelt, Osmerus mordax, antifreeze proteins, thermal hysteresis, glycerol, trimethylamine N-oxide, urea, cold tolerance, seasonal variation
- MeSH terms
- Acclimatization, Animals, Body Temperature, Freezing, Glycerol, Liver, Methylamines, Osmolar Concentration, Seasons, Temperature, Urea, Salmoniformes
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