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Adaptation of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise
Abstract
Skeletal muscle adapts to endurance excerise, such as long distance running, with an increase in the capacity for aerobic metabolism. This is reflected in an increased capacity of whole homogenates and of the mitochondrial fraction of muscle to oxidize pyruvate and long chain fatty acids. Underlying this increase in the ability to obtain energy by respiration is an increase in the levels of a number of mitochondrial enzymes. These include the enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation, the enzymes of the citric acid cycle, the components of the respiratory chain that link the oxidation of succinate and NADH to oxygen, and coupling factor 1. These increases in mitochondrial enzyme activity appear to be due to an increase in enzyme protein as evidenced by a doubling of the concentration of cytochrome c and a 60% increase in the protein content of the mitochondrial fraction skeletal muscle. Electronmicroscopic studies suggest that increases in both the size and number of mitochondria are responsible for the increase in mitochondrial protein. An alteration in mitochondrial composition also occurs, with some mitochondrial enzymes increasing 2-fold, others increasing only 35% to 60%, while others, including mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase and adenylate kinase do not increase at all. As a result of these and other exercise induced biochemical adaptations skeletal muscle tends to become more like heart muscle in its enzyme pattern.
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“It is well known that exercise training increases mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle [16–19]”
From Patients with type 2 diabetes have normal mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle (2007) · cites this paper as [18]
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“The cellular and mitochondrial changes in response to exercise training occur in parallel.”
From Patients with type 2 diabetes have normal mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle (2007) · cites this paper as [18]
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Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences
Holloszy, J. O., & Coyle, E. F. (1984) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1984.56.4.831 · Cited by 1,985
Self-citationAMP-activated protein kinase signaling in metabolic regulation
Long, Y. C. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci29044 · Cited by 1,125
Zong, H., Ren, J. M., Young, L. H., Pypaert, M., Mu, J., Birnbaum, M. J., & Shulman, G. I. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.252625599 · Cited by 1,036
Patients with type 2 diabetes have normal mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle
Boushel, R., Gnaiger, E., Schjerling, P., Skovbro, M., Kraunsøe, R., & Dela, F. (2007) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0594-3 · Cited by 519
Muscle performance and enzymatic adaptations to sprint interval training
MacDougall, J. D., Hicks, A. L., MacDonald, J. R., McKelvie, R. S., Green, H. J., & Smith, K. M. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.6.2138 · Cited by 442
Metadata
- Authors
- HOLLOSZY, J. O.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- HOLLOSZY, JOHN O.
- Venue
- Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
- Published
- 1975
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 155???164
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2035731143
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 10.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Keywords
- skeletal muscle, endurance exercise, aerobic metabolism, mitochondrial enzymes, fatty acid oxidation, TCA cycle, electron transport chain, coupling factor 1, cytochrome c, mitochondrial protein content, mitochondrial biogenesis, muscle fiber type shift, long-distance running
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Adenosine Diphosphate, Adenosine Triphosphate, Adenylate Kinase, Animals, Creatine Kinase, Energy Transfer, Physical Exertion, Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase, Hexokinase, Humans, Lactates, Male, Mitochondria, Muscle, Muscles, Myocardium, Myoglobin, NAD, NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases, Oxygen Consumption, Rats
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