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Electromyographic changes during strength training and detraining
Abstract
Fourteen male subjects (20-30 yr) accustomed to weight training went through progressive strength training of combined concentric and eccentric contractions three times per week for 16 wk. The training was followed by the 8-wk detraining period. The training program consisted mainly of dynamic exercises for leg extensors with the loads of 80-120% of one maximum concentric repetition. Significant improvements in muscle function were observed in early conditioning; however, the increase in maximal force during the very late training period was greatly limited. Marked improvements (P less than 0.001) in muscle strength were accompanied by significant (P less than 0.01) increases in the neural activation (IEMG) of the leg extensor muscles. The relationship between IEMG and high absolute forces changed (P less than 0.01) during the training period. The occurrence of these changes varied during the course of training. It was concluded that the early change in strength may be accounted for largely by neural factors with a gradually increasing contribution of hypertrophic factors as the training proceeds. It was suggested that the magnitudes and occurrence of these changes may vary due to the differences in conditioning periods, in individual muscles of muscle groups, in subject material, and in conditioning methods. During detraining, the decrease in muscle force seemed to be explainable also by the neural and muscular adaptations caused by the inactivity.
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“A number of studies have reported increases in neural activation as reflected by increased EMG activity with conventional heavy resistance and explosive jump training (Hakkinen and Komi, 1983;Hakkinen and Komi, 1985;Hakkinen et al., 1985a;1985b;Hakkinen and Komi, 1986).”
From Velocity Specificity of Resistance Training (1993) · cites this paper as Hakkinen and Komi, 1983
In the citing paper
“Generally, strength gain in 4 or 6 weeks of resistance training have been explained by neural adaptation (35,36).”
From Modulation of Neural and Muscular Adaptation Processes During Resistance Training by Fish Protein Ingestions in Older Adults (2020) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the different time-course adaptations between men and women may also account for differential maximal strength gains over prolonged resistance training periods (63,64).”
From Resistance training load effects on muscle hypertrophy and strength gain: systematic review and network meta-analysis. (2021) · cites this paper as [64]
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Wernbom, M., & Aagaard, P. (2019) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.13302 · Cited by 101
Hortobágyi, T., & DeVita, P. (2000) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/55.8.b401 · Cited by 100
Acute hormonal responses to heavy resistance exercise in strength athletes versus nonathletes
Ahtiainen, J. P., Pakarinen, A., Kraemer, W. J., & Hakkinen, K. (2004) · Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1139/h04-034 · Cited by 97
“The positions of the electrodes were marked on the skin by small ink dots to ensure the same electrode positioning in each test during the experimental period (Häkkinen and Komi, 1983).”
MethodPassive heat acclimation improves skeletal muscle contractility in humans
Racinais, S., Wilson, M. G., & Périard, J. D. (2016) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00431.2016 · Cited by 97
Strength Training in Endurance Runners
Taipale, R. S., Mikkola, J., Nummela, A. T., Vesterinen, V., Capostagno, B., Walker, S., Gitonga, D., Kraemer, W. J., & Häkkinen, K. (2010) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1243639 · Cited by 114
Self-citationMaximal motor unit firing rates during isometric resistance training in men.
Pucci, A. R., Griffin, L., & Cafarelli, E. (2006) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2005.032094 · Cited by 95
“…in the amplitude of surface EMG during maximal contraction (EMGmax) after several weeks of resistance training (e.g. Moritani & deVries, 1979; Hakkinen et al. 1985; Narici et al. 1989), but others have reported no change (e.g. Hakkinen & Komi, 1983; Cannon & Cafarelli, 1987; Weir et al. 1995).”
BackgroundMoffet, H., Richards, C. L., Malouin, F., Bravo, G., & Paradis, G. (1994) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/0003-9993(94)90165-1 · Cited by 93
Neuromuscular adaptations and serum hormones in women during short-term intensive strength training
H�kkinen, K., Pakarinen, A., & Kallinen, M. (1992) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00717946 · Cited by 94
Self-citationHamstring injury prevention in soccer: Before or after training?
Lovell, R. J., Knox, M. F., Weston, M., Siegler, J. C., Brennan, S. F., & Marshall, P. W. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12925 · Cited by 91
“However, previous research has also observed strength training adaptations were not accompanied by sEMG increases when concurrent training interventions were administered (50).”
Ghigiarelli, J. J., Nagle, E. F., Gross, F. L., Robertson, R. J., Irrgang, J. J., & Myslinski, T. (2009) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181a2b8a2 · Cited by 90
Progressive resistance training in neuromuscular patients. Effects on force and surface EMG
Lindeman, E., Spaans, F., Reulen, J. P. H., et al. (1999) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/s1050-6411(99)00003-6 · Cited by 89
“Further improvement in strength is attributed to muscle hypertrophy and is not accompanied by an increase in SEMG activity [7,8,19].”
BackgroundDAWSON, B., VLADICH, T., & BLANKSBY, B. A. (2002) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/00124278-200211000-00001 · Cited by 41
Self-citationAndersen, L. L., Andersen, J. L., Magnusson, S. P., & Aagaard, P. (2005) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-004-1297-9 · Cited by 85
“Reductions in maximal voluntary muscle strength (Hakkinen and Komi 1983; Houston et al. 1983; Narici et al. 1989; Colliander and Tesch 1992), muscle cross-sectional area (Narici et al. 1989) and neural drive to the muscle ( Hakkinen and Komi 1983; Hakkinen et al. 1985; Narici et al. 1989) have been reported.”
BackgroundInfluentialResistance Training: Cortical, Spinal, and Motor Unit Adaptations
Griffin, L., & CAFARELLI, E. (2005) · Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1139/h05-125 · Cited by 90
“It has also been shown that increases in MVC force frequently occur without a change in the amplitude of surface EMG (Cannon and Cafarelli, 1987; Garfinkel and Cafarelli, 1992; Hakkinen and Komi, 1983; Keen et al., 1994; Komi and Buskirk, 1972; Narcici et al., 1996; Rich and Cafarelli, 2000).”
BackgroundRequena, B., García, I., Suarez-Arrones, L. J., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001568 · Cited by 86
Taipale, R. S., Mikkola, J., Vesterinen, V., Nummela, A. T., & Häkkinen, K. (2012) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2440-7 · Cited by 96
“Electrode positions were marked with small ink tattoos (Häkkinen and Komi 1983) on the skin during the first testing session to ensure that electrode placement over the entire experimental period would be consistent.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDamasceno, M. V., Lima‐Silva, A. E., Pasqua, L. A., Tricoli, V., Duarte, M., Bishop, D. J., & Bertuzzi, R. (2015) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3130-z · Cited by 82
“Electrode positions were marked with small ink tattoos on the skin during the first testing session to ensure that electrode placement over the entire experimental period would be consistent (Hakkinen and Komi 1983).”
BackgroundIsokinetic elbow flexion and coactivation following eccentric training
Colson, S. S., Pousson, M., Martin, A., & Hoecke, J. V. (1999) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/s1050-6411(98)00025-x · Cited by 79
“This relationship has been used to evaluate the processes underlying the torque gains [26,27].”
MethodDoes flywheel paradigm training improve muscle volume and force? A meta-analysis.
Nuñez Sanchez, F. J., & Sáez de Villarreal, E. (2017) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002095 · Cited by 77
“This finding can be attributed to increased motor unit recruitment during exercise (59), increased synchronization of motor”
BackgroundPhysiological Effects of Tapering and Detraining in World-Class Kayakers
Pallarés, J. G., Sánchez‐Medina, L., Pérez, C. E., Izquierdo-Gabarren, M., & Izquierdo, M. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181c9228c · Cited by 76
“The 1RM strength decreases observed for the TC group after DTR were similar to those found by other authors in experienced, strength-trained athletes after 4-wk detraining: 10% for squat (10), 9% for BP, and 6% for half-squat (17).”
ResultColliander, E. B., & Tesch, P. A. (1992) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1992.tb09263.x · Cited by 72
Clark, D. J., & Patten, C. (2013) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968312469833 · Cited by 68
Impact of Reduced Training on Performance in Endurance Athletes
Houmard, J. A. (1991) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199112060-00004 · Cited by 68
Neural and muscular changes to detraining after electrostimulation training
Gondin, J., Guette, M., Ballay, Y., & Martin, A. (2006) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0159-z · Cited by 67
“…are discrepancies in the literature concerning the specific response to ES versus voluntary actions (Bax et al. 2005; Hainaut and Duchateau 1992), similar results have been reported after detraining subsequent to a voluntary resistance training program (Hakkinen and Komi 1983; Narici et al. 1989).”
BackgroundResultNeck muscle training in the treatment of chronic neck pain: a three-year follow-up study.
YLINEN, J. J., HÄKKINEN, A. H., NYKÄNEN, M. J., Kautiainen, H., & Takala, E. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 67
Responses to eccentric and concentric resistance training in females and males
Colliander, E. B., & Tesch, P. A. (1991) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1991.tb09063.x · Cited by 65
Muscle strength from aldolescence to adulthood ? relationship to muscle fibre types
Glenmark, B., HEDBERG, G. E., Kaijser, L., & Jansson, E. (1994) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00599235 · Cited by 60
Apel, J. M., Lacey, R. M., & Kell, R. T. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181c69ef6 · Cited by 60
“The week-to-week order of intensity is known to influence muscular strength via neural adaptation (5,8,14).”
BackgroundOjasto, T., & Häkkinen, K. (2009) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181a2b28e · Cited by 60
“The determined electrode locations were marked with a small ink tattoo dot after the first visit to the laboratory for consecutive visits (9).”
MethodSelf-citationAthletic training affects the uniformity of muscle and tendon adaptation during adolescence
Mersmann, F., Böhm, S., Schroll, A., Marzilger, R., & Arampatzis, A. (2016) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00493.2016 · Cited by 61
“(14), while changes of tendon properties require morphological and/or structural changes.”
BackgroundStrength or Endurance Training for Undergraduate Music Majors at a University?
Ackermann, B. J., Adams, R. D., & Marshall, E. (2002) · Medical Problems of Performing Artists · doi:10.21091/mppa.2002.1006 · Cited by 59
Pearcey, G. E. P., Power, K. E., & Button, D. C. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098468 · Cited by 58
Baker, D. G. (2013) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318270fc6b · Cited by 59
“take at least 8 weeks to manifest itself (26,27,30,31,36).”
BackgroundKell, R. T., Risi, A. D., & Barden, J. M. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181d09df7 · Cited by 63
“However, it is generally accepted that strength gains in the initial ;8 weeks of resistance training are predominantly neuromuscular in nature (17).”
BackgroundMotor unit synchronization in FDI and biceps brachii muscles of strength-trained males
Fling, B. W., Christie, A. D., & Kamen, G. (2008) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.06.003 · Cited by 57
Latella, C., & Haff, G. G. (2020) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports8070100 · Cited by 60
“be substantially reduced following 8–12 weeks of training cessation in well-trained adult males [29,30], which may be more akin to the training status of PL athletes compared to moderate or recreationally trained individuals.”
BackgroundWalker, S., Hulmi, J. J., Wernbom, M., Nyman, K., Kraemer, W. J., Ahtiainen, J. P., & Häkkinen, K. (2013) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-013-2653-4 · Cited by 62
“This is typical in subjects unaccustomed to resistance training, although some improvements beyond 10 weeks may have been expected with a more progressive training programme (Häkkinen and Komi 1983).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBeyer, K. S., Fukuda, D. H., Boone, C. H., Wells, A. J., Townsend, J. R., Jajtner, A. R., Gonzalez, A. M., Fragala, M. S., Hoffman, J. R., & Stout, J. R. (2015) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001219 · Cited by 54
“Neuromuscular adaptations have been shown to have an important role in generating initial strength improvements during resistance training (1,5,12,13,30) and have been proposed to be the primary mechanism responsible for cross education (24,30).”
BackgroundThe role of the neural stimulus in regulating skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Alix‐Fages, C., Vecchio, A. D., Baz-Valle, E., Santos‐Concejero, J., & Balsalobre‐Fernández, C. (2022) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-022-04906-6 · Cited by 54
“…authors concluded that the early change in muscle strength may be related to neural factors with a gradually increasing contribution of later hypertrophic factors, although the magnitudes and the occurrence of these changes may vary depending on several variables (Häkkinen and Komi 1983).”
BackgroundLate neural adaptations to electrostimulation resistance training of the plantar flexor muscles
Jubeau, M., Zory, R., Gondin, J., et al. (2006) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0264-z · Cited by 54
“2005), and is typically associated with diminished (Hakkinen and Komi 1983; Narici et al. 1989) or preserved (Hakkinen et al.”
BackgroundMethodHigher Training Frequency Is Important for Gaining Muscular Strength Under Volume-Matched Training
Ochi, E., Maruo, M., Tsuchiya, Y., Ishii, N., Miura, K., & Sasaki, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00744 · Cited by 54
“, 2010) and strength (Häkkinen and Komi, 1982; Häkkinen et al., 1985) during detraining, the results of which are inconsistent.”
ResultShort-Term Strength Training Does Not Change Cortical Voluntary Activation
LEE, M., Gandevia, S. C., & Carroll, T. J. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181998837 · Cited by 53
Watanabe, K., & Akima, H. (2009) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1064-z · Cited by 53
“In terms of the EMG-force relationship during isometric knee extension of the QF muscle group, both non-linear relationship (Eloranta 1989; Hakkinen and Komi 1983; Thorstensson et al. 1976), and linear relationships have been reported (Shinohara et al. 1998; Woods and Bigland-Ritchie 1983).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialEffects and Mechanisms of Tapering in Maximizing Muscular Strength
Pritchard, H. J., Keogh, J., Barnes, M. J., & McGuigan, M. R. (2015) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000125 · Cited by 56
“Nervous system changes may play a major role in increased maximal strength after a taper (19).”
BackgroundDetraining Effects Prevention: A New Rising Challenge for Athletes
Girardi, M., Casolo, A., Nuccio, S., Gattoni, C., & Capelli, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.588784 · Cited by 58
Tapering Practices of Croatian Open-Class Powerlifting Champions
Grgić, J., & Mikulić, P. (2016) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001699 · Cited by 48
“(13), and (b) changes in the nervous system (6).”
BackgroundStrength characteristics of a healthy urban adult population
Viljanen, T., Viitasalo, J. T., & Kujala, U. M. (1991) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00760799 · Cited by 49
“Neural adaptations to training (Moritani and de Vries 1979) and detraining (H~ikkinen and Komi 1983) have been shown to occur during a relatively short period of only a few months.”
Muscle strengthening and physical conditioning in chronic stroke subjects
Teixeira‐Salmela, L. F., Oliveira, E. S. G., Santana, E. G. S., & Resende, G. P. (2000) · Acta Fisiátrica · doi:10.5935/0104-7795.20000001 · Cited by 47
Spontaneous Leg Movements of Infants with Down Syndrome and Nondisabled Infants
Ulrich, B. D., & Ulrich, D. A. (1995) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00969.x · Cited by 48
Chronic neural adaptation induced by long-term resistance training in humans
Fernández‐del‐Olmo, M., Reimunde, P., Viana, O., Acero, R. M., & Cudeiro, J. (2006) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0153-5 · Cited by 47
“…pattern of muscle activation (relation agonist – synergist and agonist – antagonist muscles) so that there is an increase in either the discharge rate or the number of motoneurons being recruited (Hakkinen and Komi 1983; Rutherford and Jones 1986; Carolan and Carafelli 1992; Zehr and Sale 1994).”
BackgroundTorque–velocity characteristics and contractile rate of force development in elite badminton players
Andersen, L. L., Larsson, B., Overgaard, H., & Aagaard, P. (2007) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461390701579584 · Cited by 50
Muscle strength, size, and neuromuscular function before and during adolescence
Gillen, Z. M., Shoemaker, M. E., McKay, B. D., Bohannon, N. A., Gibson, S. M., & Cramer, J. T. (2019) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04151-4 · Cited by 56
The effects of EMG biofeedback on strength acquisition
Croce, R. V. (1986) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/bf01000166 · Cited by 46
“Several authors (Chobotas, Saplinskas, & Yashchaninas, 1979; Hfikkinen & Komi, 1983; Moritani & deVries, 1979; Saplinskas, Chobotas, & Yashchaninas, 1979) have postulated that during training there is a definite readjustment in motor unit discharge patterns.”
BackgroundPlyometric Training Performance in Elite-Oriented Prepubertal Female Gymnasts
Marina, M., & Jemni, M. (2013) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000247 · Cited by 45
“Among other possible neurophysiological detraining factors, a decrease in motor unit activation (recruitment and synchronization), motor skill coordination, and intrinsic muscle properties has been proposed (5,12,15).”
BackgroundThe effect of velocity‐specific strength training on peak torque and anaerobic rowing power
Bell, G. J., Petersen, S. R., Quinney, H. A., & Wenger, H. A. (1989) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640418908729841 · Cited by 45
The Influence of Periodized Resistance Training on Strength Changes in Men and Women
Kell, R. T. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181c69f22 · Cited by 47
“It is proposed that strength gains in the initial 8 weeks of resistance training result principally from neuromuscular mechanisms (10).”
BackgroundInfluence of two different modes of resistance training in female subjects
HISAEDA, H., MIYAGAWA, K., KUNO, S.-Y., FUKUNAGA, T., & MURAOKA, I. (1996) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139608964505 · Cited by 44
Velocity-based resistance training: do women need greater velocity loss to maximize adaptations?
Rissanen, J. A., Walker, S., Pareja‐Blanco, F., & Häkkinen, K. (2022) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-022-04925-3 · Cited by 45
“Small indelible ink tattoos (diameter 1.0 mm) were placed during Control to ensure that the electrodes were replaced exactly to the same spots in each measurement (Häkkinen and Komi 1983).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationOjasto, T., & Häkkinen, K. (2009) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181a2b22f · Cited by 42
“The electrode locations were marked with small ink-tattoo dots after the first visit to the laboratory for consecutive visits (8).”
MethodSelf-citationChanges in voluntary and electrically induced contractions during strength training and detraining
Ishida, K., Moritani, T., & Itoh, K. (1990) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00379390 · Cited by 41
“For this reason, the faci l i tatory and inhibi tory synapt ic pa thways (H~ikkinen and Komi 1983; Mor i tan i and deVries 1979), reduc t ion o f inhibi tory inputs to the active a - m o t o r neurons (Komi et al.”
BackgroundBodkin, S. G., Rutherford, M. H., Diduch, D. R., Brockmeier, S. F., & Hart, J. M. (2019) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546519886291 · Cited by 40
“It is unknown whether increases in strength in this study were due to (1) an increase in muscle size, as there is evidence that quadriceps atrophy persists at and beyond this time point,(24) or (2) neural adaptations shown to precede muscle hypertrophy.(15) This study is not without its limitations.”
BackgroundResponse of Skeletal Muscle to Training
Matoba, H., & Gollnick, P. D. (1984) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-198401030-00006 · Cited by 38
Alterations of mechanical characteristics of human skeletal muscle during strength training
H�kkinen, K., & Komi, P. V. (1983) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00422155 · Cited by 40
“An early change in strength may largely be accounted for by neural factors (e.g. Moritani and DeVries 1979; H~kkinen and Komi 1982) with a gradually increasing contribution of hypertrophic factors (e.”
BackgroundSelf-citationHÄKKINEN, A. H., Tiina, K., Ulla, T., & YLINEN, J. J. (2003) · Spine · doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000061994.36719.5e · Cited by 40
Application of Motor Learning Principles to the Stroke Population
Majsak, M. J. (1996) · Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/10749357.1996.11754113 · Cited by 39
Strength training and neuromuscular function in elderly people with total knee endoprosthesis
Perhonen, M. A., Komi, P. V., Häkkinen, K., et al. (1992) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1992.tb00349.x · Cited by 39
Self-citationEffect of a 4-Week Agility-Training Program on Postural Sway in the Functionally Unstable Ankle
Hess, D. M., Joyce, C. J., Arnold, B. L., et al. (2001) · Journal of Sport Rehabilitation · doi:10.1123/jsr.10.1.24 · Cited by 38
Watanabe, K., Kouzaki, M., & Moritani, T. (2015) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3237-2 · Cited by 37
Eight weeks of local vibration training increases dorsiflexor muscle cortical voluntary activation
Souron, R., Farabet, A., Féasson, L., Belli, A., Millet, G. Y., & Lapole, T. (2017) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00793.2016 · Cited by 36
“Since one of the main neural adaptations to training is the increase in motor unit discharge rate (25, 75, 78), it could have masked potential MEP amplitude increases recorded during MVC.”
BackgroundEffects of interocclusal distance on bite force and masseter EMG in healthy participants
Arima, T., Takeuchi, T., Honda, K., Tomonaga, A., Tanosoto, T., Ohata, N., & Svensson, P. J. (2013) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/joor.12097 · Cited by 36
Rebai, H., Chtourou, H., Zarrouk, N., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0033-1353216 · Cited by 36
Iacono, A. D., Ashcroft, K., & Zubac, D. (2021) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002706 · Cited by 35
“, ↓ oxidative enzyme activities; ↓ mean fibre cross-sectional 76 area; fast-twitch to slow-twitch fibers area ratio; ↓ EMG activity) (5, 11-14), thus leading to 77”
BackgroundOlympic Textbook of Medicine in Sport
Schwellnus, M. P., Komitee, I. O., & International Federation of Sportive Medicine (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444300635 · Cited by 42
“…15% EMG ↔ thumb adduction Carolan & Cafarelli (1992) UT M 30 × ISOM KE 3×/8 weeks 32.8% EMG ↔ Colson et al. (1999) UT M 5 × 6 100–120% 1RM 3×/7 weeks 11–46% RMS ↑ ECC elbow flex Hakkinen & Komi (1983) RT M Strength training 3×/16 weeks 11–15% EMG ↑ (80–120% 1RM) Häkkinen et al. (1985a) RT M 18–30…”
InfluentialInhibition of the quadriceps muscles in elite male volleyball players
Huber, A. M., Suter, E., & Werzog, W. (1998) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/026404198366812 · Cited by 34
Chaouachi, A., Othman, A. B., Makhlouf, I., Young, J. D., Granacher, U., & Behm, D. G. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002606 · Cited by 35
“For example, this return to baseline has been reported with 4, 12, and 16 weeks of training with 4–8 weeks of detraining (20,23,28,29), 3 months of training followed by 3 months of detraining (1,2,32).”
BackgroundExercise programs for subjects with low back disorders
Mälkiä, E., & Ljunggren, A. E. (1996) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00074.x · Cited by 32
Evidence of muscular adaptations within four weeks of barbell training in women
Stock, M. S., Olinghouse, K. D., Drusch, A. S., Mota, J. A., Hernandez, J. M., Akalonu, C. C., & Thompson, B. J. (2015) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2015.11.004 · Cited by 32
Tallent, J., Goodall, S., Gibbon, K. C., Hortobágyi, T., & Howatson, G. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00057 · Cited by 33
“…3, Tibor Hortobágyi 1, 4 and Glyn Howatson 1, 5* 1Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK, 2 School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, UK, 3Department of Advanced Health Science, Buckinghamshire…”
BackgroundInfluentialPhysiological Adaptations to Velocity-Controlled Resistance Training
Bell, G. J., & Wenger, H. A. (1992) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199213040-00002 · Cited by 32
The Effects of Strength Training and Disuse on the Mechanisms of Fatigue
Behm, D. G., & St-Pierre, D. M. M. (1998) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199825030-00004 · Cited by 34
“been suggested by the increase in EMG activity with isometric,[90,91] concentric[92,93] concentric and eccentric,[94] isokinetic[95] and explosive dynamic[96,97] training.”
BackgroundLarivière, C., Arsenault, B. A., Gravel, D., Gagnon, D., Loisel, P., & VADEBONCOEUR, R. (2002) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1053/apmr.2002.34558 · Cited by 32
Nishikawa, Y., Watanabe, K., Kawade, S., et al. (2019) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2019.02.007 · Cited by 31
Mixed Maximal and Explosive Strength Training in Recreational Endurance Runners
Taipale, R. S., Mikkola, J., Salo, T., Hokka, L., Vesterinen, V., Kraemer, W. J., Nummela, A. T., & Häkkinen, K. (2013) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182a16d73 · Cited by 34
“Electrode positions were marked with small ink tattoos (17) on the skin during the first testing session to ens ure that electrode placement over the entire experi mental period would be consistent.”
BackgroundSelf-citationTaipale, R. S., Schumann, M., Mikkola, J., Nyman, K., Kyröläinen, H., Nummela, A. T., & Häkkinen, K. (2014) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.889842 · Cited by 32
“Electrode positions were marked with small ink tattoos (Hakkinen & Komi, 1983) on the skin during the first testing session to ensure that electrode placement over the entire experimental period would be consistent.”
BackgroundSelf-citationTraining effects on muscle fatigue in man
Duchateau, J., & Hainaut, K. (1984) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00776598 · Cited by 31
“The reduction of muscle fatigability by exercises may indeed involve different sites and mechanisms (Crockett et al. 1976; Hakkinen and Komi 1983; Duchateau and Hainant 1984).”
BackgroundDamasceno, M. V., Duarte, M., Pasqua, L. A., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099238 · Cited by 30
“Electrode positions were marked with small ink tattoos on the skin during the first testing session to ensure that electrode placement over the entire experimental period would be consistent [28].”
BackgroundArabadzhiev, T. I., Dimitrov, V., Dimitrova, N. A., & Dimitrov, G. V. (2009) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1206-3 · Cited by 29
“Consequently, the increased amplitude characteristics of surface EMG signals (Aagaard et al. 2002; Gabriel et al. 2006; Häkkinen et al. 2001a; Hakkinen et al. 1998, 2001b; Hakkinen and Komi 1983; Lucia et al. 1999; Narici et al. 1989; Onambele et al. 2008) could hardly be used as an indicator of increased efferent neu…”
BackgroundNeuromuscular Aspects of Exercise – Adaptive Responses Evoked by Strength Training
Aagaard, P., & Thorstensson, A. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470757277.ch4 · Cited by 32
Pahl, A., Wehrle, A., Kneis, S., Gollhofer, A., & Bertz, H. (2018) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-018-4813-8 · Cited by 31
“In general, inter- and intramuscular coordination is enhanced prior to considerable increases in strength [73, 74].”
BackgroundRemaud, A., Guével, A., & Cornu, C. (2007) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2007.01.002 · Cited by 35
Walker, S., Trezise, J., Haff, G. G., Newton, R. U., Häkkinen, K., & Blazevich, A. J. (2020) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04462-x · Cited by 28
“1989) as well as the ability to recruit the available muscle mass (Häkkinen and Komi 1983; Knight and Kamen 2001) in previously untrained individuals.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMechanical Feasibility of Immediate Mobilization of the Brachioradialis Muscle After Tendon Transfer
Fridén, J. O., Shillito, M. C., Chehab, E. F., Finneran, J. J., Ward, S. R., & Lieber, R. L. (2010) · The Journal Of Hand Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.06.003 · Cited by 27
Strength Training for Children and Adolescents What Can Physicians Recommend?
Benjamin, H. J., & Glow, K. M. (2003) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.3810/psm.2003.09.482 · Cited by 28
Biomechanical Comparison Between Sprint Start, Sled Pulling, and Selected Squat-Type Exercises
Okkonen, O., & Häkkinen, K. (2013) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31829992b0 · Cited by 30
Self-citationReliability of a simple method for determining muscle fiber conduction velocity
McIntosh, K., & Gabriel, D. A. (2011) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.22268 · Cited by 27
“As a result, the sEMG means across test days generally mirror any changes in force.(29,31) The force values in this study were quite stable across the 3 test days.”
ResultAmarantini, D., & Bru, B. (2015) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.04.002 · Cited by 30
Mechanisms of Muscle and Motor Unit Adaptation to Explosive Power Training
Duchateau, J., & Hainaut, K. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470757215.ch16 · Cited by 27
Nishikawa, Y., Watanabe, K., Takahashi, T., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2020.1838617 · Cited by 25
“Although, previous studies reported that increase in the SEMG amplitude due to resistance training (Hakkinen & Komi, 1983; Moritani & deVries, 1979; Narici et al., 1989), spatial distribution pattern of muscle activation did not change during resistance training using multi-channel SEMG (Watanabe…”
BackgroundResultHamlin, M. J., & Quigley, B. M. (2001) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/s1440-2440(01)80011-6 · Cited by 26
Maximal isometric force and muscle cross‐sectional area of the forearm in fencers
Margonato, V., Roi, G. S., Cerizza, C., & Galdabino, G. L. (1994) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640419408732207 · Cited by 25
Metadata
- Authors
- HAKKINEN, K., & KOMI, P. V.
- Affiliations
- University of Jyväskylä (FI)
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 1983
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 455???460
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2068786163
- Cited by
- 394
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 9.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- resistance training, detraining, electromyography, integrated EMG, neuronal activation, muscle strength, leg extensors, eccentric contraction, muscle hypertrophy, muscle force, weight training
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Electromyography, Electrophysiology, Humans, Isometric Contraction, Male, Muscles, Neuromuscular Junction, Physical Education and Training
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