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Electromyographic changes during strength training and detraining
Abstract
Fourteen male subjects (20-30 yr) accustomed to weight training went through progressive strength training of combined concentric and eccentric contractions three times per week for 16 wk. The training was followed by the 8-wk detraining period. The training program consisted mainly of dynamic exercises for leg extensors with the loads of 80-120% of one maximum concentric repetition. Significant improvements in muscle function were observed in early conditioning; however, the increase in maximal force during the very late training period was greatly limited. Marked improvements (P less than 0.001) in muscle strength were accompanied by significant (P less than 0.01) increases in the neural activation (IEMG) of the leg extensor muscles. The relationship between IEMG and high absolute forces changed (P less than 0.01) during the training period. The occurrence of these changes varied during the course of training. It was concluded that the early change in strength may be accounted for largely by neural factors with a gradually increasing contribution of hypertrophic factors as the training proceeds. It was suggested that the magnitudes and occurrence of these changes may vary due to the differences in conditioning periods, in individual muscles of muscle groups, in subject material, and in conditioning methods. During detraining, the decrease in muscle force seemed to be explainable also by the neural and muscular adaptations caused by the inactivity.
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“A number of studies have reported increases in neural activation as reflected by increased EMG activity with conventional heavy resistance and explosive jump training (Hakkinen and Komi, 1983;Hakkinen and Komi, 1985;Hakkinen et al., 1985a;1985b;Hakkinen and Komi, 1986).”
From Velocity Specificity of Resistance Training (1993) · cites this paper as Hakkinen and Komi, 1983
In the citing paper
“Generally, strength gain in 4 or 6 weeks of resistance training have been explained by neural adaptation (35,36).”
From Modulation of Neural and Muscular Adaptation Processes During Resistance Training by Fish Protein Ingestions in Older Adults (2020) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the different time-course adaptations between men and women may also account for differential maximal strength gains over prolonged resistance training periods (63,64).”
From Resistance training load effects on muscle hypertrophy and strength gain: systematic review and network meta-analysis. (2021) · cites this paper as [64]
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“Generally, strength gain in 4 or 6 weeks of resistance training have been explained by neural adaptation (35,36).”
BackgroundLess Is More: The Physiological Basis for Tapering in Endurance, Strength, and Power Athletes
Murach, K. A., & Bagley, J. R. (2015) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports3030209 · Cited by 24
“In the early phases of resistance training, neuromuscular mechanisms largely contribute to strength increases independent from cellular mechanisms [44,45].”
BackgroundTriceps brachii strength and regional body composition changes after detraining quantified by MRI
Popadić-Gaćeša, J., Kozic, D. B., & Grujic, N. G. (2011) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.22548 · Cited by 24
“The force production of strength-trained athletes has been shown to decline by only 7 to 12% during inactivity periods ranging from 8 to 12 weeks (2,9,11).”
BackgroundResistance-training exercises with different stability requirements: time course of task specificity
Sæterbakken, A. H., Andersen, V. S., Behm, D. G., Krohn-Hansen, E. K., Smaamo, M., & Fimland, M. S. (2016) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-016-3470-3 · Cited by 24
“Improved coordination at the beginning of a strength-training regime is suggested to be the most important factor contributing to strength improvements among untrained participants (Hakkinen et al. 1985, 1998; Hakkinen and Komi 1983).”
BackgroundEffectiveness of the 1RM Estimation Method Based on Isometric Squat Using A Back-Dynamometer
Demura, S., Miyaguchi, K., Shin, S., & Uchida, Y. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181e27386 · Cited by 24
“T he squat is a representative training method to improve muscular strength of lower limbs and is a useful index of lower muscle strength (2,6,8,9,25).”
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Fortalecimento muscular e condicionamento físico em hemiplégicos
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The effect of learning on ventilatory responses to inspiratory threshold loading in COPD
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BackgroundNeuromuscular mechanics and hopping training in elderly
Hoffrén‐Mikkola, M., Ishikawa, M., Rantalainen, T., Avela, J., & Komi, P. V. (2014) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-014-3065-9 · Cited by 21
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BackgroundSelf-citationChanges induced by eccentric training on force-velocity relationships of the elbow flexor muscles
Martin, A., Martin, L., & Morion, B. (1995) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00964136 · Cited by 21
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ResultQuadriceps Strengthening With the DAPRE Technique: Case Studies With Neurological Implications
Knight, K. L. (1990) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.1990.12.2.66 · Cited by 21
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Halin, R., Germain, P., Buttelli, O., et al. (2002) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-002-0643-z · Cited by 20
“…of muscle hypertrophy, the strength increase after resistance training in children (Weltman et al. 1986; Ramsay et al. 1990) as well as in adults (Häkkinen and Komi 1983) has been principally attributed to neurological adaptations such as enhancement of MU activation, i.e. an increase of the…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMortensen, P., Larsen, A. I., Zebis, M. K., Pedersen, M. T., Sjøgaard, G., & Andersen, L. L. (2014) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2014/845851 · Cited by 19
Neural Issues in the Control of Muscular Strength
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McMahon, G. E., Morse, C. I., Winwood, K. L., Burden, A., & Onambélé-Pearson, G. L. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00527 · Cited by 18
“Early work from Häkkinen and Komi (1983) demonstrated that following 16 weeks of strength training in young, healthy males, muscle strength and integrated electromyography (iEMG) of the leg extensors were significantly increased.”
BackgroundMaintenance of Strength Gains While Performing Endurance Training in Oarswomen
Bell, G. J., Syrotuik, D. G., Attwood, K., & Quinney, H. A. (1993) · Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1139/h93-010 · Cited by 18
“Cessation of resistance training can result in a significant loss of strength after 3 to 8 weeks (Hakkinen and Komi, 1983; Houston et al., 1983; Sysler and Stull, 1970).”
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Muscular Strength and Power in Elite Young Male Runners
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Räntilä, A., Ahtiainen, J. P., Avela, J., Restuccia, J., Kidgell, D. J., & Häkkinen, K. (2021) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004044 · Cited by 21
Self-citationHäkkinen, K., Newton, R. U., Walker, S., HÄKKINEN, A. H., Krapi, S., Rekola, R., Koponen, P., Kraemer, W. J., Haff, G. G., Blazevich, A. J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Sports Science and Medicine · doi:10.52082/jssm.2022.200 · Cited by 17
“…for largely by the increased voluntary neural activation at various levels of the neuromuscular system as indicated indirectly by increases in maximal electromyographic activity of trained muscles in both men and women (Moritani and deVries, 1979; Häkkinen and Komi, 1983; Häkkinen et al., 1992).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationPhysiological and Performance Consequences of Training Cessation in Athletes: Detraining
Mujika, I., & Padilla, S. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470757178.ch6 · Cited by 17
Neuromuscular Adaptations to Combined Strength and Endurance Training: Order and Time-of-Day
Küüsmaa-Schildt, M., Eklund, D., Avela, J., Rytkönen, T., Newton, R. U., Izquierdo, M., & Häkkinen, K. (2017) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0043-101376 · Cited by 17
“Also the placement of electromyographic (EMG) electrodes was marked with indelible ink tattoos according to the SENIAM guidelines [28] to ensure repeatable electrode positioning [32].”
MethodSelf-citationRamos‐Campo, D. J., Andreu‐Caravaca, L., Poyatos, M. C., Benito, P. J., & Rubio‐Arias, J. Á. (2021) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2021-0204 · Cited by 14
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Self-citationSpectral EMG changes in vastus medialis muscle following short range of motion isokinetic training
Barak, Y., Ayalon, M., & Dvir, Z. (2005) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.09.006 · Cited by 15
“This order of motor unit recruitment relates to the size principle strategy demonstrating MUR increase whenever white fibers recruitment is required [7,21,31,33,47,54].”
BackgroundBlood Flow Restriction Training in Athletes
Kelly, M. R., Cipriano, K., Bane, E. M., & Murtaugh, B. (2020) · Current Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Reports · doi:10.1007/s40141-020-00291-3 · Cited by 14
A Rat Model of Progressive Isometric Strength Training
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“There is evidence from both early muscle activation and cross-sectional area (CSA) studies [19,20] and later CSA studies [14,15] indicating that initial gains (first 6–8 weeks) in MH are negligible to small and likely do not contribute markedly to increased strength and power.”
BackgroundYamashita, D., Hirata, K., Yamazaki, K., Mujika, I., & Miyamoto, N. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288344 · Cited by 12
“Collectively, as proposed in a previous study [33], the training cessation-induced reductions in isokinetic fast concentric and slow eccentric torque might be attributed to neuromuscular activation.”
BackgroundPihlainen, K., Häkkinen, K., Santtila, M., Raitanen, J. A., & Kyröläinen, H. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17051688 · Cited by 13
“In addition, evidence from the literature suggests that improvements in neural [12,13] and hypertrophic pathways [14,15] lead to increases in muscle strength which might be a crucially important component of soldiers’ physical performance, especially during intensive combat situations [16].”
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“In addition, decreases in quadriceps isometric EMG were observed in athletes after four 86 weeks of detraining (Häkkinen & Komi, 1983).”
BackgroundCarvalho, C., & Carvalho, A. (2006) · Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto · doi:10.5628/rpcd.06.02.241 · Cited by 12
“A forca explosiva depende da velocidade de contraccao muscular, em resultado da estimulacao neuro-sensorial, ou seja, depende fortemente da intensidade da descarga dos impulsos nervosos (5, 7, 8 , 9, 12).”
BackgroundPower-type strength training in middle-aged men and women
Surakka, J. (2005) · STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) · Cited by 12
A New Control Method for Power-assisted Wheel Chair based on the Surface Myoelectric Signal
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Progressive Resistive Neck Exercises Using a Compressible Ball Coupled with an Air Pressure Gauge
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Effects of the type of recovery training on the concentric strength of the knee extensors
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O efeito do destreinamento de força muscular em meninos pré-púberes
da Fontoura, A. S., Schneider, P., & Meyer, F. (2004) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/s1517-86922004000400005 · Cited by 10
“There is a lack of information with regard to the detraining period; however, a study of Hakkinen and Komi(6) reports that during a period of eight weeks without the training stimulus, the strength decrease in adults is initially due to the neural disadaptation caused by inactivity.”
ResultHypo-activity induced skeletal muscle atrophy and potential nutritional interventions: A review
Bostock, E. L. (2013) · World Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.5528/wjtm.v2.i3.36 · Cited by 10
EMG in Exercise Physiology and Sports
Rainoldi, A., Moritani, T., & Boccia, G. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119082934.ch19 · Cited by 10
Kalkhoven, J. T., Watsford, M., & Impellizzeri, F. (2019) · Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport · doi:10.31236/osf.io/vzxga · Cited by 122
Sánchez-Sánchez, J., Pérez, S. M., Yagüe, J. M., Royo, J., & Martín, J. L. M. (2015) · Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte · doi:10.15366/rimcafd2015.57.004 · Cited by 10
“…only depend on factors linked to the muscle development, but there are qualitative factors associated with neural function, which are highly responsible for the improvement of that ability when we deal with beginners in the counter-resistance training (Falk & Eliakim, 2003; Häkkinen & Komi, 1983).”
BackgroundSanttila, M. (2010) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) · Cited by 9
ACUTE AND EARLY CHRONICRESPONSES TO RESISTANCEEXERCISE USINGFLYWHEEL OR WEIGHTS
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Collegiate Baseball In-Season Training
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Quantitative EMG Changes During 12-Week DeLorme's Axiom Strength Training
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“According to Hakkinen and Komi, the earlier period of strength training during the 12-week program showed a large increase in the maximum IEMG and minor muscle hypertrophy.(5) During the later period of their study, the maximum IEMG increased at a diminishing rate while the level of muscle hypertrophy was greater, the…”
BackgroundMethodSiddique, U., Rahman, S., Frazer, A. K., Howatson, G., & Kidgell, D. J. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01152-3 · Cited by 7
RetractedClark, D. R., Lambert, M., Grigson, C., & Hunter, A. M. (2020) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04540-0 · Cited by 8
“Also, the effects of squat training and acquired back squat strength on activation of agonist muscles has been investigated (Häkkinen and Komi 1983; Häkkinen et al. 1998; Pick and Becque 2000).”
BackgroundMuscle Strength and Geometrical Changes in A Paralysed Muscle Following FES
Levin, O., Mizrahi, J., Gornish, M., et al. (2000) · Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal · doi:10.1016/s1013-7025(09)70011-9 · Cited by 7
TENNIS PERFORMANCE AND THE DOMINANT ARM STRENGTH VELOCITY IN MALE AND FEMALE TENNIS PLAYERS
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Neural Adaptations to Strength Training
Walker, S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75547-2_6 · Cited by 9
Two different strength training and untrained period effects in children
Şahin, G., & Çoşkun, A. (2014) · Journal of Physical Education and Sport · doi:10.7752/jpes.2014.01007 · Cited by 7
Seppänen, S., & Häkkinen, K. (2020) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003939 · Cited by 6
“The Surface ElectroMyoGraphy for Non-Invasive Assessment of Muscles (SENIAM) guidelines were used to determine the correct placement of the electrodes, and the placements were tattooed onto the skin, as described earlier by Häkkinen and Komi (8), during the control measurements.”
MethodSelf-citationThe effects of massed versus distributed contractions on the variability of maximal isometric force
McGuire, J., Green, L. A., Calder, K. M., Patterson, J. T., & Gabriel, D. A. (2014) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-014-3922-0 · Cited by 6
“…have been dissipated over the 2-week interval prior to the first retention test and most certainly by the second retention test 3 months later (häkkinen and Komi 1983; Mujika and Padilla 2001). the force and sEMG data in the present study clearly illustrate the learning-performance…”
Task complexity and maximal isometric strength gains through motor learning
McGuire, J., Green, L. A., & Gabriel, D. A. (2014) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.12218 · Cited by 6
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Training‐Specific Characteristics of Neuromuscular Performance
Kraemer, W. J., & Häkkinen, K. (2000) · doi:10.1002/9780470698754.ch2 · Cited by 6
Self-citationDevelopment and Maintenance of Sprint Training Adaptations: An Uphill-Downhill Study
Bissas, A., Paradisis, G. P., Nicholson, G., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003409 · Cited by 5
“responsible for subsequent changes (7,10,27,40).”
BackgroundNakatani, M., Takai, Y., & Kanehisa, H. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0307841 · Cited by 11
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“…the explanations for the mechanism of pain reduction with the assistance of long-term exercise is that the continued training initiates neural adaptation, mainly due to increased rates of contraction of motor units, recruitment of high threshold motor units, and better control of motor units [21].”
Using Motor Imagery Training to Increase Quadriceps Strength: A Pilot Study
Saumur, T. M., & Perry, S. D. (2018) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000494091 · Cited by 6
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“Previous studies assessed the magnitude of muscle strength retention up to 6 weeks of detraining in subjects with moderate physical activity [15,16], and for these studies, the muscular strength returns to control levels over several weeks of detraining via a reversal of the neuromuscular and hormonal adaptations that…”
BackgroundMultibody Approach to Musculoskeletal and Joint Loading
Kłodowski, A., & Rantalainen, T. (2014) · Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering · doi:10.1007/s11831-014-9106-z · Cited by 5
“Indirectly, muscle force can be estimated by using electromyography to capture electric muscle input signals during some simple physical activity [22,23].”
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“Neural factors have been suggested to be the primary cause of these short-term detraining effects (Häkkinen and Komi 1983).”
BackgroundSinghal, S., Pattnaik, M., & Mohanty, P. (2017) · doi:10.35841/neurology-neurorehabilitation.2.1.25-33 · Cited by 4
“Various studies [34-37] found that the strength improvement seen in a 6-week training program can be attributed to improvement in neural activation rather than muscle hypertrophy.”
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Self-citationGreen, L. A., McGuire, J., & Gabriel, D. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.764660 · Cited by 4
“The increase was then retained over the 2-week rest interval on session 4, when any gains associated with physiological adaptations due to a limited number of contractions would have dissipated over the 2-week interval (Häkkinen and Komi, 1983; Mujika and Padilla, 2001).”
Background“NO LOAD” Resistance Training Promotes High Levels of Knee Extensor Muscles Activation—A Pilot Study
Alves, R. R., Vieira, C. A., Bottaro, M., de Araújo, M. A. S., Souza, D., Gomes, B. C., & Gentil, P. (2020) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics10080526 · Cited by 4
Prevention of Ice Hockey Injuries by Strength and Conditioning
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Strength gains in obese females are unaffected by moderate dietary restriction
Ballor, D. L., & Katch, V. L. (1989) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf02389809 · Cited by 4
“Initial rapid gains followed by slower sustained increases in strength have been reported previously and are thought to represent, first, neurally mediated increases in strength followed by slower muscle growth-induced strength gains (Hakkinen and Komi 1983).”
BackgroundBallistic muscle mechanisms determined using an EMG-driven model
Wrbaškić, N., & Dowling, J. J. (2005) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2004.09.005 · Cited by 4
“Increases in muscle activation have resulted in increases in force after resistance training [7,9].”
BackgroundEffects of Different Isometric Training Programs on Muscle Size and Function in the Elbow Flexors
Zou, Z., Morimoto, N., Nakatani, M., Morinaga, H., & Takai, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20053837 · Cited by 5
Adaptações Neurais ao Treinamento de Força
Ide, B. N., Muramatsu, L. V., Ramari, C., de Macedo, D. V., & Palomari, E. T. (2014) · Cited by 4
Steinach, M., & Gunga, H. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386947-0.00003-4 · Cited by 4
Siddiqi, A., Arjunan, S. P., & Kumar, D. (2018) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/s11517-018-1788-1 · Cited by 3
Surakka, J., Alanen, E., Aunola, S., et al. (2001) · Clinical Physiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2281.2001.00354.x · Cited by 3
Does maximal neural activation of muscle increase after resistance training?
CAFARELLI, E., & Fowler, B. (1993) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00634310 · Cited by 3
Kok, L.-Y. (2006) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia) · Cited by 3
(2014) · Human Kinetics eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781718218727.part-004 · Cited by 3
Training adaptations in magnetomyography
Brümmer, T., Lu, H., Yang, H., Baier, L., Braun, C., Siegel, M., & Marquetand, J. C. (2025) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2025.103012 · Cited by 2
The effectiveness of different ankle strengthening training programs on performance
Kalaycıoğlu, T., Apostolopoulos, N. C., Yurt, Y., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12130-9 · Cited by 2
Steinach, M., & Gunga, H. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815942-2.00003-1 · Cited by 3
Ataei, L., Giannaki, C. D., Petrou, C. C., & Aphamis, G. (2025) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-024-01309-2 · Cited by 3
“Cardiorespiratory capacity and aerobic endurance [2], muscle power [3] decrease even after 4 weeks of detraining, whereas maximal strength takes 8 weeks for significant losses to be observed [4].”
Acerca das reformas em curso na Universidade
Bento, J. (2007) · Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto · doi:10.5628/rpcd.07.03.283 · Cited by 2
Alberton, C. L., da Silva, E. M., Tartaruga, M. P., Cadore, E. L., Becker, M. E., Brentano, M. A., & Kruel, L. F. M. (2008) · Cited by 2
Hong, S. M., Hong, A. R., & Shin, Y. A. (2014) · Physical Activity and Nutrition · doi:10.5717/jenb.2014.18.2.151 · Cited by 2
“But the result of this study, where it shows the decrease of brachioradialis muscle's motor unit potential area and elbow flexor's muscle endurance during isokinetic 180°/sec exercise, is believed to support a previous study [6] which reported that the loss of muscle strength is related to the change of motor-nerve an…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRehabilitación de los pacientes sometidos a una artroplastia de la rodilla
Cheyron, C., Philippeau, D., Pronesti, L., Delambre, J., Marmor, S., Cerisy, J., Dadou, E., Lehenaff, L., Malatray, E., Sarton, F., et al. (2014) · EMC - Kinesiterapia - Medicina Física · doi:10.1016/s1293-2965(14)68180-9 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- HAKKINEN, K., & KOMI, P. V.
- Affiliations
- University of Jyväskylä (FI)
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 1983
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 455???460
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2068786163
- Cited by
- 394
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 9.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- resistance training, detraining, electromyography, integrated EMG, neuronal activation, muscle strength, leg extensors, eccentric contraction, muscle hypertrophy, muscle force, weight training
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Electromyography, Electrophysiology, Humans, Isometric Contraction, Male, Muscles, Neuromuscular Junction, Physical Education and Training
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