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Initial events in exercise-induced muscular injury
Abstract
Immediately following unaccustomed exercise, particularly that with eccentric contractions, there is evidence of injury to skeletal muscle fibers: a) disruption of the normal myofilament structures in some sarcomeres, observable with both light and electron microscope and b) loss of intramuscular proteins (e.g., creatine kinase enzymes) into the plasma, indicating damage to sarcolemma. This pathology is probably responsible for the temporary reductions in muscle force and delayed-onset soreness that can occur following eccentric exercise. The mechanisms underlying this injury are not known, although loss of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis could play a primary role. In other experimental muscle injury models, elevated [Ca2+]i appears to cause release of muscle enzymes through activation of phospholipase A2, which in turn could induce injury to sarcolemma through production of leukotrienes and prostaglandins, through free O2 radical formation (in the subsequent lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase reactions), and/or through release of detergent lysophospholipids. On the other hand, the mechanism responsible for the rapid damage to myofibrils caused by increased [Ca2+]i is unknown. Regardless of the cause(s), the initial and early events in the injury process are autogenetic; i.e., they are indigenous to the muscle cells and occur before phagocytic cells enter the injury site.
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“If repeated multiple times, eccentric contractions are a useful tool to induce a physiologically-relevant injury to skeletal muscle, resulting in damage to the contractile apparatus and loss of function (2, 3).”
From Phytoecdysteroids Accelerate Recovery of Skeletal Muscle Function Following in vivo Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury in Adult and Old Mice (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
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“This inflammatory response in turn is not initiated until between 2 and 6 hours after the exercise (Armstrong, 1990).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialStretch-Activated Ion Channel Blockade Attenuates Adaptations to Eccentric Exercise
Butterfield, T. A., & Best, T. M. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318187cffa · Cited by 30
“Although classic thinking would dictate that mechanical disruption of the sarcolemma is the precipitating event in exercise-induced muscle damage and repair (3), recent histological evidence has shown that membrane disruption is minimal immediately after exercise in vivo (5).”
BackgroundGregorevic, P., Lynch, G. S., & Williams, D. A. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.4.1477 · Cited by 29
“Bupivacaine hydrochloride is a proven myotoxic agent (25) that increases cytosolic calcium (33), subjecting the muscle fibers to the cytotoxic effects associated with high intracellular calcium concentrations (2).”
BackgroundZamora, A. J., Tessier, F., Marconnet, P., Margaritis, I., & Marini, J.-F. (1995) · European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00238552 · Cited by 29
“Actually our Capma~ test protocol fitted well the conditions of intensity and duration that have been shown to be capable of producing such intracellular and focal micro injuries in the working muscles (Friddn et al. 1983; Hikida et al. 1983; Armstrong 1990; Byrd 1992).”
MethodDehydration and symptoms of delayed-onset muscle soreness in hyperthermic males.
Cleary, M. A., Sweeney, L. A., Kendrick, Z. V., & Sitler, M. R. (2005) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 29
Impact of Varying Dosages of Fish Oil on Recovery and Soreness Following Eccentric Exercise
VanDusseldorp, T. A., Escobar, K. A., Johnson, K. E., Stratton, M. T., Moriarty, T. A., Kerksick, C. M., Mangine, G. T., Holmes, A. J., Lee, M., Endito, M. R., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12082246 · Cited by 31
“It is understood that the perception of soreness one experiences following unaccustomed or vigorous exercise results from increased nociceptor signaling, specifically group III and IV afferents [49,50].”
BackgroundKellermann, M., Heiss, R. U., Swoboda, B., Gelse, K., Freiwald, J., Grim, C., Nagel, A. M., Uder, M., Wildner, D., & Hotfiel, T. (2017) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0043-112501 · Cited by 29
“The data obtained in this study provide evidence for the presence of DOMS at 60 h following eccentric exercise; 48–72 h has commonly been considered the window for the appearance of DOMS symptoms [2, 23, 33].”
BackgroundPredicting subjective perceptions of powered tool torque reactions
Lin, J., & McGorry, R. W. (2008) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2008.01.020 · Cited by 28
“Eccentric exertions are known to lead to muscle injuries (Armstrong, 1990; Brown et al., 1997) and induce changes in dynamic musculoskeletal characteristics such as stiffness (Hoang et al.”
BackgroundCórdova, A., Martín, J. F., Reyes, E., & Álvarez‐Mon, M. (2004) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410410001716742 · Cited by 28
“The initiating event may be related to high specific tensions produced by the muscle, which results in shearing of the myofibrils and/or disturbances in the metabolic milieu such as a reduction in pH or increased temperature (Armstrong, 1990; Macintyre et al., 1995).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPathophysiology of acute exercise-induced muscular injury: clinical implications.
Page, P. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 28
Lund, H., Vestergaard‐Poulsen, P., Kanstrup, I., et al. (1998) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1998.tb00194.x · Cited by 28
High specific torque is related to lengthening contraction-induced skeletal muscle injury
Black, C. D., Elder, C. P., Gorgey, A. S., et al. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00322.2007 · Cited by 28
“Eccentric actions recruit fewer motor units to generate a given absolute force (10), and it has been suggested that this is the primary reason eccentric actions cause greater injury than their concentric and isometric counterparts (4, 5, 27).”
BackgroundResultMikkelsen, U. R., Fredsted, A., Gissel, H., & Clausen, T. (2004) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.067199 · Cited by 28
“The causes of functional impairment could be either mechanical damage due to eccentric contractions (Armstrong, 1986, 1990), loss of excitability (Nielsen & Overgaard, 1996; Clausen, 1996; Overgaard et al. 1999; Carlsen & Villarin, 2002), or Ca2+-induced damage (Gissel & Clausen, 2001; Carlsen &…”
BackgroundPiqueras‐Sanchiz, F., Martín-Rodríguez, S., Martínez-Aranda, L. M., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211700 · Cited by 27
Philippou, Α., Maridaki, M. D., & Koutsilieris, M. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 27
Force Per Active Area and Muscle Injury during Electrically Stimulated Contractions
Black, C. D., & McCully, K. K. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181757182 · Cited by 26
“Although the sequence of events that initiate contraction-induced injury remains unclear, several mechanical factors have been shown to play a role in the magnitude of the resultant injury (3,39).”
BackgroundHoughton, D., & Onambélé-Pearson, G. L. (2012) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-9-2 · Cited by 27
“Following damage to skeletal muscle the secondary mechanism is a loss of intramuscular protein and the release of growth factors that modulate satellite cells activity, which begin the repair and regenerative process [4,5], as well as involving the production of biochemical end products including cytokines.”
BackgroundInfluentialLee, E. C., Watson, G., Casa, D. J., et al. (2012) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-47.5.09 · Cited by 26
Metadata
- Authors
- BEN KIBLER, C. W., & ARMSTRONG, R. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Georgia (US)
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 1990-08
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 429???435
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2052579376
- Cited by
- 457
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 8.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (2s07rr007025-26, 7r01am037098-01)
- National Center for Research Resources (S07RR-07025-21)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Muscle and Compartmental Disorders
- Keywords
- exercise-induced muscle damage, eccentric exercise, sarcomere disruption, myofibril damage, creatine kinase release, delayed onset muscle soreness, intracellular calcium homeostasis, phospholipase A2, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, free radical generation, lysophospholipids
- MeSH terms
- Calcium, Free Radicals, Homeostasis, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Mechanoreceptors, Mitochondria, Muscle, Muscle Contraction, Muscles, Sarcolemma, Sprains and Strains, Exercise
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