Cited by 436Physical Activity and HealthCancer Risks and FactorsMetabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer

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Physical activity and cancer prevention–data from epidemiologic studies

LEE, I-MIN·2003·Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise

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Abstract

PURPOSE: The aim of this paper is to examine whether physical activity plays any role in the prevention of cancer. METHODS: To accomplish this, data from published epidemiologic studies on the relation between physical activity and the risk of developing cancer were reviewed. RESULTS: The data are clear in showing that physically active men and women have about a 30-40% reduction in the risk of developing colon cancer, compared with inactive persons. Although the data are sparse, it appears that 30-60 min.d(-1) of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity is needed to decrease risk. There is a dose-response relation, with risk declining further at higher levels of physical activity. It is also clear that physical activity is not associated with the risk of developing rectal cancer. With regard to breast cancer, there is reasonably clear evidence that physically active women have about a 20-30% reduction in risk, compared with inactive women. It also appears that 30-60 min.d(-1) of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity is needed to decrease the risk of breast cancer, and that there is likely a dose-response relation. For prostate cancer, the data are inconsistent regarding whether physical activity plays any role in the prevention of this cancer. There are relatively few studies on physical activity and lung cancer prevention. The available data suggest that physically active individuals have a lower risk of lung cancer; however, it is difficult to completely account for cigarette smoking. There is little information on the role of physical activity in preventing other cancers. CONCLUSION: Physical activity is associated with lower risk of developing certain site-specific cancers, in particular colon and breast cancers.

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Background
Does the use of outdoor fitness equipment by older adults qualify as moderate to vigorous physical activity?
Chow, H.-W., & Ho, C.-H. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0196507 · Cited by 30
Valuing the Health Benefits of Active Transport Modes
Genter, J. A., Donovan, S. J., Petrenas, B., & Badland, H. M. (2008) · Cited by 26
Mental imagery increases self-determined motivation to exercise with university enrolled women: A randomized controlled trial using a peer-based intervention
Giacobbi, P. R., Dreisbach, K. A., Zautra, N. T., Anand, P., & García, F. S. (2014) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.03.004 · Cited by 33
“For women, PA behavior and improved CRF also reduces risk for breast cancer (Lee, 2003).”
Background
Colon cancer information as a source of exercise motivation for relatives of patients with colon cancer
McGowan, E. L., & Harry Prapavessis, A. (2010) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2010.507771 · Cited by 29
Sedentary Behavior and the Risk of Depression in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes
Zhu, Y., Blumenthal, J. A., Shi, C., Jiang, R., Patel, A. A., Zhang, A., Yu, X., Gao, R., & Wu, Y. (2018) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.02.031 · Cited by 31
Barriers to pain management in the rehabilitation of the surgical oncology patient
Silver, J. K., & Mayer, R. S. (2007) · Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1002/jso.20780 · Cited by 29
Socioeconomic Status, Negative Affect, and Modifiable Cancer Risk Factors in African-American Smokers
Kendzor, D. E., Cofta-Woerpel, L. M., Mazas, C. A., Li, Y., Vidrine, J. I., Reitzel, L. R., Costello, T. J., Businelle, M. S., Ahluwalia, J. S., Cinciripini, P. M., et al. (2008) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0291 · Cited by 29
“Modifiable risk factors, including poor nutrition/obesity, insufficient physical activity, and alcohol consumption, have each been independently linked with cancer risk and/or mortality (6-8) and may confer additional risk in combination with smoking (9, 10).”
Lignes directrices éclairées par des données probantes sur l’activité physique à l’intention des Canadiens adultesCet article est tiré d’un supplément intitulé Advancing physical activity measurement and guidelines in Canada: a scientific review and evidence-based foundation for the future of Canadian physical activity guidelines (Favoriser les lignes directrices et la mesure de l’activité physique au Canada: examen scientifique et justification selon les données probantes pour l’avenir des lignes directrices de l’activité physique canadienne) publié par Physiologie appliquée, nutrition et métabolisme et la Revue canadienne de santé publique. On peut aussi mentionner Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 32 (Suppl. 2F) ou Can. J. Public Health 98 (Suppl. 2).
Warburton, D. E. R., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Rhodes, R. E., & Shephard, R. J. (2007) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h07-168 · Cited by 32
Factors affecting participation decision and amount of physical activity among urban dwellers in Malaysia
Cheah, Y. K., Azahadi, M., Phang, S. N., & Hazilah, N. (2017) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2017.01.009 · Cited by 28
“The negative relationships between physical activity and the risks of developing type 2 diabetes, and cancers are also well identified.(4,5) In today's rapidly urbanising society, pollution, high criminal rate, heavy traffic, insufficient sports facilities and hectic lifestyle are the main contributing factors for phy…”
Background
Pulmonary Rehabilitation Improves Functional Status in Oncology Patients
Morris, G. S., Gallagher, G. H., Baxter, M. F., Brueilly, K. E., Scheetz, J. S., Ahmed, M. M., & Shannon, V. R. (2009) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2008.12.005 · Cited by 28
Influence of Cancer Worry on Four Cancer Related Health Protective Behaviors among a Nationally Representative Sample: Implications for Health Promotion Efforts
Amuta, A. O., Mkuu, R. S., Jacobs, W., & Ejembi, A. Z. (2017) · Journal of Cancer Education · doi:10.1007/s13187-017-1195-6 · Cited by 27
Living well (or not) with patellofemoral pain: A qualitative study.
Glaviano, N. R., Holden, S., Bazett-Jones, D., Singe, S. M., & Rathleff, M. (2022) · Physical Therapy in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.05.011 · Cited by 23
Cancer Prevention after Cancer: Changing the Paradigm—a Report from the American Society of Preventive Oncology
Campo, R., Rowland, J. H., Irwin, M. L., Nathan, P. C., Gritz, E. R., & Kinney, A. Y. (2011) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0728 · Cited by 27
“Research indicates that physical activity not only helps prevent cancer (29, 30), it also confers mortality benefits for cancer survivors (31, 32).”
Background
Levels of Physical Activity for Colon Cancer Prevention Compared with Generic Public Health Recommendations: Population Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates
Cerin, E., Leslie, E. R., Bauman, A. E., & Owen, N. G. (2005) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-04-0622 · Cited by 27
“There is also some evidence that this may also be the case for breast and prostate cancer (5).”
Background
Lipid peroxidation and the protective effect of physical exercise on breast cancer
Gago-Domínguez, M., Jiang, X., & Castelao, J. E. (2006) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.09.026 · Cited by 26
“It is interesting to note that both, the protective effect of exercise on breast cancer [26], and the generation of exercise-induced free radicals seem to occur after moderate to exhaustive exercise, which lends support to our hypothesis of lipid peroxidation as a potential important mechanism behind the physical exer…”
Background
Comparative Effectiveness of Two Walking Interventions on Participation, Step Counts, and Health
Smith–McLallen, A., Heller, D., Vernisi, K., Gulick, D., Cruz, S., & Snyder, R. L. (2016) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/0890117116658012 · Cited by 25
Walking football for Health – physiological response to playing and characteristics of the players
Andersson, H., Zachrisson, A. L., Godhe, M., Helge, T., Eriksen, J., Fransson, D., Börjesson, M., & Ekblom‐Bak, E. (2023) · Science and Medicine in Football · doi:10.1080/24733938.2023.2249426 · Cited by 24
Exercise-conditioned plasma attenuates nuclear concentrations of DNA methyltransferase 3B in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Horsburgh, S., Todryk, S. M., Toms, C., Moran, C. N., & Ansley, L. (2015) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.12621 · Cited by 27
“Exercise is known to promote a multitude of health benefits, including decreased risk of cancer (Lee 2003), cardiovascular disease (Thompson et al. 2003), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Colberg et al. 2010); however, the involvement of epigenetics in mediating these benefits remains to be fully…”
Background
Reduced cancer mortality at high altitude: The role of glucose, lipids, iron and physical activity
Thiersch, M., Swenson, E. R., Haider, T., & Gassmann, M. (2017) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.03.048 · Cited by 24
Healthy lifestyle interventions in general practice
Derman, E., Patel, D. N., Nossel, C., & Schwellnus, M. P. (2008) · South African Family Practice · doi:10.1080/20786204.2008.10873732 · Cited by 26
Physical Activity and Gastric Cancer Risk in Patients with and without Helicobacter pylori Infection in A Korean Population: A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study
Gunathilake, M. N., Lee, J., Jang, A., Choi, I. J., Kim, Y., & Kim, J. (2018) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers10100369 · Cited by 24
“A possible biological mechanism underlying these observations is the alteration of sex hormones due to PA behaviors [43].”
Background
Exercise and colon cancer: Primary and secondary prevention
Trojian, T. H., Mody, K., & Chain, P. (2007) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/bf02941153 · Cited by 23
Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology
Potter, J. D., & Hunter, D. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09568-4_1 · Cited by 21
Level of physical activity of physical education students according to criteria of the IPAQ questionnaire and the recommendation of WHO experts
Pastuszak, A., Lisowski, K., Lewandowska, J., & Buśko, K. (2014) · Biomedical Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/bhk-2014-0002 · Cited by 22
“A report by Lee [7] demonstrated that regular physical exercise could reduce the risk of falling ill with colorectal cancer by as much as 40–50%.”
Background
Heart rate and exercise intensity during training: observations from the DREW Study
Mikus, C. R., Earnest, C. P., Blair, S. N., & Church, T. (2008) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.046342 · Cited by 23
Intestinal tumours, colonic butyrate and sleep in exercised Min mice
Basterfield, L., & Mathers, J. C. (2010) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114510000528 · Cited by 22
“There is substantial epidemiological evidence (at least fifty studies((1))) to suggest that being physically active can reduce the risk of developing cancer, particularly of the breast and colon((2)).”
Assessing breast cancer risk
Korde, L. A., Calzone, K. A., & Zujewski, J. A. (2004) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2004.10.1595 · Cited by 21
Effect of exercise on lipolysis in adipose tissue
Polak, J., Bajzová, M., & Štich, V. (2008) · Future Lipidology · doi:10.2217/17460875.3.5.557 · Cited by 22
“Regular physical activity or exercise training of an aerobic as well as a resistance type plays a central role in the prevention and management of several important diseases, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer [1–7].”
Background
Serum Levels of Irisin and Omentin-1 in Breast Neoplasms and Their Association with Tumor Histology
Panagiotou, G., Triantafyllidou, S., Tarlatzis, B. C., & Papakonstantinou, E. (2021) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2021/6656671 · Cited by 20
“It is reported that moderate exercise may decrease breast cancer risk up to 20–30% [3].”
Background
Trends in leisure time and work-related physical activity in the Spanish working population, 1987-2006
Alonso‐Blanco, C., Palacios‐Ceña, D., Hernández‐Barrera, V., Carrasco‐Garrido, P., Jiménez‐García, R., & Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C. (2011) · Gaceta Sanitaria · doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2011.07.027 · Cited by 20
Trends in Leisure Time and Occupational Physical Activity in the Madrid Region, 1995–2008
Meseguer, C. M., Galán, I., Herruzo, R., & Rodríguez‐Artalejo, F. (2010) · Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rec.2010.06.010 · Cited by 19
Actividad física en Medellín: desafío para la promoción de la salud
Martínez, E., Saldarriaga, J. F., & Sepúlveda, F. É. (2009) · Revista Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública · doi:10.17533/udea.rfnsp.840 · Cited by 19
Evaluation of the reliability and validity of Azad-Fesharaki's physical activity questionnaire (AFPAQ)
Fesharaki, M. G., & AzadMarzabadi, E. (2011) · Cited by 19
Mechanisms Associating Physical Activity with Cancer Incidence
Ulrich, C. M., & Wetmore, C. M. (2005) · Nutrition and disease prevention · doi:10.1201/9781420026641.ch9 · Cited by 19
Insight on 'typical' longevity: An analysis of the modal lifespan by leading causes of death in Canada
Diaconu, V., Ouellette, N., Camarda, C. G., & Bourbeau, R. R. (2016) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2016.35.17 · Cited by 19
“Indeed, high levels of physical activity lower the relative risk of colon cancer in males and females by about 30%‒40%, and of breast cancer in women by approximately 20%‒30% (Lee 2003).”
Background
Diabetes and risk of tumors: oncologic considerations
Rosta, A. (2011) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/oh.2011.29158 · Cited by 19
Work‐Related Physical Activity Among Cardiovascular Specialists
Abd, T. T., Kobylivker, A., Perry, A. G., Miller, J. D., & Sperling, L. S. (2012) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.21954 · Cited by 19
Exercise, Heart and Health
Nam, G. (2011) · Korean Circulation Journal · doi:10.4070/kcj.2011.41.3.113 · Cited by 18
Association of Physical Activity and Atrial Fibrillation
Müller‐Riemenschneider, F., Andersohn, F., Ernst, S., & Willich, S. N. (2012) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.9.5.605 · Cited by 18
Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence Review
Nicol, C. W. (2006) · Cited by 18
A fizikai aktivitás, mint egészségbefektetés
Pfau, C. S., Pető, K., & Bába, É. B. (2019) · Egészségfejlesztés · doi:10.24365/ef.v60i1.354 · Cited by 17

Authors: LEE, I.-M.
Affiliations: Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: LEE, I-MIN
ORCID: LEE, I-MIN
Venue: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2003-11
Volume: 35
Issue: 11
Pages: 1823-1827
ISSN: 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000093620.27893.23
OpenAlex: W2034424159
Cited by: 436
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 9.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Cancer Institute (R03CA091213, CA-91213)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
Keywords: physical activity, cancer prevention, colon cancer, rectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, dose-response relationship, moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise, cancer risk
MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms, Colonic Neoplasms, Female, Humans, Male, Motor Activity, Prostatic Neoplasms, Rectal Neoplasms, Risk, Exercise

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Physical activity and cancer prevention–data from epidemiologic studies

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